Download Educator`s Resource Guide History`s Ancient Legacies II

Educator’s Resource Guide
History’s Ancient Legacies II
Educator's Guide by: Bill Roberts
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents and Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Instructional Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Introduction and Summary of the Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Program One: Carthage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 4
Program Two: The Biblical Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 - 5
Program Three: The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World .5 - 6
Program Four: The Roman Empire in North Africa. . . . . . . 6 - 7
Program Five: The Roman Empire in Northern Europe. . . . 8 - 9
Program Six: The Roman Empire in the Middle East. . . . . . 9 - 10
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INSTRUCTIONAL NOTES
It is suggested that you preview the program and read the related information. By doing so, you will
become familiar with the materials and be better prepared to adapt the program to the needs of your class.
You will probably find it best to follow the programs in the order in which they are presented in this
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before the entire class and under your direction. As you review the instructional program outlined in the
Educator’s Guide, you may find it necessary to make some changes, deletions, or additions to fit the
specific needs of your students.
History’s Ancient Legacies II
This long step back in time takes us to the lost cities and temples of the ancient world; Carthage, the
wonders of that world, and the Roman provinces to the north, east and south of its empire. Stunning
computer graphics provide a contemporary understanding of these extraordinary moments in history.
Each episode is 30 minutes long
1. Carthage
2. The Biblical Lands
3. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
4. The Roman Empire in North Africa
5. The Roman Empire in Northern Europe
6. The Roman Empire in the Middle East
PROGRAM 1: CARTHAGE
Educators are encouraged to preview the film before showing it in class
The Romans were thorough when they finally defeated their long-time enemy, Carthage, in the second
century BCE. Of this center of the once-dominant Mediterranean sea power they left nothing standing.
Now through this computer animated production this great ancient city is "seen" for the first time in over
two thousand years.
Glossary
SPQR—"Senatus Populusque Romanus". It was seen on the standards of the Roman legions. It meant,
"The Senate and the People of Rome".
Phonecia—Ancient maritime civilization based in city-states located along the coast of present day Syria;
Sidon, Tyre and Byblos. It golden age was roughly 1200-600 BCE.
Dido (or Alyssa)—Mythological Phoenician princess from Tyre, founder and queen of Carthage in 814
BCE.
Pygmalion—Mythological king of Cyprus who carved and then fell in love with his statue, Galatea, which
was brought to life by Aphrodite. See also G. B. Shaw's play Pygmalion and the Lerner and Lowe musical
My Fair Lady which were based upon this story.
Strabo—Greek geographer of the late 1st century BCE and early 1st century CE. He described Carthage
of his day.
Hamalco—Carthaginian explorer who may have sailed to...
Scilly Isles—Off Cornwall, southwest England, famous for tin.
Hanno—Explorer of west Africa. His exploits appear on a...
Stele—An upright stone with a commemorative inscription.
Bireme—Ancient galley with two tiers of oars on each side.
Trireme—Galley with three tiers of oars on each side.
Baal—A fertility or nature god of the Semitic peoples of the Eastern Mediterranean, considered a false god
in the Bible.
Rimini—Italy: Northern extent of the Roman state, 275 BCE.
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Straits of Messina—Southern extent of Rome at that time.
Ephesus—City in Asia Minor (Turkey) where Hannibal died.
Cato, the Elder (Marcus Porcius 234-149) —Roman senator who ended every oration, "Carthage must be
destroyed."
Shekel—Common coin, found in Mediterranean lands.
The Punic Wars
First Punic War (264-241 BCE)
The city-state, Messina, was attacked by the Greek city Syracuse and sought help from Rome and
Carthage. Rome drove the Carthaginians out and won a sea battle off Milazzo (north coast of Sicily). Rome
won the island of Sicily plus tribute money and, by this time, was dominant at sea.
Second Punic War (219-203 BCE)
The Carthaginian general, Hannibal (247-182 BCE) invaded the European mainland and defeated
Rome's Greek ally at Saguntum in Spain. He crossed the Italian Alps in mid winter with elephants carrying
his supplies and, with allies from Gaul in northern Italy, won victories at the Trebbia River and Lake
Trasimene. His greatest victory (not covered in the film) was at Cannae in southeast Italy at which
perhaps 70,000 Romans were killed. The Roman general Quintas Fabius Maximus then waged a guerilla
war over the next 13 years during which Hannibal's army deteriorated. When Rome invaded Carthage in
203 Hannibal returned home and was defeated by Scipio Africanus at the battle of Zama. Carthage was
devastated and impoverished but miraculously revived during the next 50 years to again threaten Roman
commerce.
Third Punic War (149-146 BCE)
After a Roman siege Carthage collapsed with 50,000 dead and the survivors sold as slaves. The Romans
flattened everything and (perhaps) salted the earth. A century later Romans founded a city on the site near
present-day Tunis, Colonia Julia Carthago, which became second only to Rome itself.
PROGRAM 2: THE BIBLICAL LANDS
Educators are encouraged to preview the film before showing it in class
This program is centered in the sacred city where Christ spent his final days on earth and which, for over
2000 years, has been the holy center of three of the world's great religions. It features Richard Andrews,
author of "Blood on the Mountain" and includes graphic recreations of the Ark of the Covenant and the
Temple on the Mount.
Glossary
Ya-ru-shaleem—Early Hebrew name ("Foundation of God").
Al-quds—Muslim name for the city, their holiest after Mecca and Medina. Mohammed supposedly rose to
heaven from there.
Dome of the Rock (Aqsh Mosque)—Muslims' temple.
Mount Sinai (Sinai Desert)—Where Moses received the Ten Commandments and the instructions for the
Ark.
Levites—Priests' assistants who carried the Ark.
Cubit—Ancient linear measure from the tip of the middle finger to the elbow, about 17 to 22 inches.
Jericho—City below sea level in Jordan (then Canaan) which was captured by the Hebrews under Joshua.
Philistine—Hebrew's enemies, 12th and 11th centuries BCE. A common noun, "smug, ignorant, lacking
cultural values".
Twelve Lost Tribes of Israel—In the North: Dan, Reuben, Ephriam, Gad, Manasseh, Issachar, Asher,
Zebulon, and NaphtaIi. In the South: Judah and Benjamin.
Jeremiah—Biblical prophet who may have saved the Ark.
Diaspora—Dispersed Jews living outside Israel after 70 CE.
Wailing Wall—Only remaining portion of Solomon's Temple. Jews still go there in large numbers to pray.
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Jerusalem Timeline (Old Testament Books in italics)
 3000 BCE—Jerusalem founded by early Canaanites.
 1900—Hebrews, led by Abraham, emigrated from the Tigris-Euphrates Valley (The Fertile
Crescent). (Genesis)
 1400-1300—Period of Egyptian dominance.
 1200-Hebrews led out of Egypt by Moses who receives the Ten Commandments and
directions for building the Ark of the Covenant from God. (Exodus)
 1200-1160—Hebrews wander in the desert, finally reaching Canaan, the Promised Land, and
capture Jerusalem. (Joshua)
 1095—After battles with the Philistines, the Hebrew kingdom is founded by Saul and the
Ark is returned. (Samuel I)
 1056-1015—Saul is overthrown and the kingdom is settled by King David. (Samuel II)
 1012-1005—Solomon builds the Temple, installs the Ark. (Kings I)
 937—Following Solomon's and Jereboam's deaths the kingdom is split with ten tribes north
and two south of Jerusalem (see above).
 722—Assyrians under Sennacherib overrun Judea. (Chronicles II)
 586—Victorious Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar destroy the Temple and carry the
Israelites into captivity. The Ark disappears.
 536—The Temple is rebuilt under Cyrus the Persian. Some Jews begin returning over the
next two centuries. (Ezra)
 332—Alexander conquers the area and the Greek era begins.
 164—Greeks are driven out by Judas Maccabeus. The Maccabean era lasts until the Romans
conquer the land in 63.
 Probably 4 BCE (BC)-29 CE (AD)—Period of Jesus of Nazareth.
 70—Romans destroy Jerusalem and the Temple. The Jews are driven out of the "promised
land" (see diaspora above).
 324-636—Rule of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire.
 636—Islamic forces capture the city. The Dome of the Rock is later built approximately on
the site of the old Temple of Solomon.
 1099-1187— The Crusades. Christians occupy the city briefly.
 1517-1917—Muslim rule of the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire.
 1917-1948—British Mandate (Palestine) following World War I.
 1948—United Nations establishes the State of Israel, dividing the land between Israel,
Palestine and Jordan.
 1967—Israel occupies the entire area of Palestine after the "Six Days' War". Jerusalem
remains a divided city.
PROGRAM 3: THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD
Educators are encouraged to preview the film before showing it in class
The Great Pyramid of Giza
"Man fears Time, yet Time fears the Pyramids"-Arab proverb
It was built by Khufu (Cheops), 2nd pharaoh of the 4th Dynasty, around the year 2560 to serve as his
tomb. It was built over a 20 year period by 100,000 seasonal workers, not by slaves. It contains two million
blocks of limestone, each over two tons. It is supposed that the stones were pulled or pushed up a slippery
mud-covered sand ramp and levered into place. The 13 acres it covers could accommodate St. Peter's, the
cathedrals of Florence and Milan, and St. Paul's and Westminster Abbey combined.
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It was 481 feet high. Over time it has lost 30 feet off the top. It was the tallest structure in the world for
over 43 centuries. Inside are corridors and galleries. The pharaoh's chamber is at the pyramid’s heart.
Stones fit so tightly that a card will not fit between them.
The Hanging Garden of Babylon
It was supposedly built in the 6th century BCE by King Nebuchadnezzar for his Median wife, Amytis.
Little of what is known about it, comes from Greek historians and the writings of Strabo and Philo of
Byzantium. Located on the east bank of the Euphrates River about 30 miles south of Baghdad, Iraq, it
covered about 10,000 square feet and was around 80 feet high.
The Statue of Zeus at Olympia
It was designed by the architect Libon and built about 450 BCE. The Athenian sculptor Phidias created
the statue over a wood frame. In the 1st century CE, the Emperor Caligula tried to move it to Rome but
failed when the scaffolding collapsed. After the Olympic Games in 391 it was ordered closed by the
Byzantine Emperor Theodosius as a pagan site. It was destroyed by fire in 462.
The statue was 20 ft. wide at the base and stood 40 ft. high.
The Temple of Artemis (Diana) at Ephesus
Built around 550 BCE of marble, it was sponsored by the Lydian King Croesus (rich as...) and designed
by the Greek Chersiphron. It was 430 ft. long and 60 it. tall. Bronze statues were by the major artists of the
time including Phidias. It was a market place and religious institution. Kings and commoners who visited
from as far as India left gifts to the goddess, some of which have now been unearthed.
It was burned by a single man in 356 BCE and destroyed by the Goths in 262. It was torn down in 401
CE by St. John Chrysostom.
The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
The province of Caria was far from the Persian empire's capital and Mausollos virtually unknown except
for his Mausoleum. It was built around 350 BCE by his wife and sister, Artemisia. It had 102 ft. sides and
was 140 ft. tall. It stood for 16 centuries in good condition until and earthquake damaged it. In the 1400's
the Knights of St. John of Malta invaded the region and used the mausoleum stones to build a castle. Today
their castle remains at Bodrum, southwestern Turkey, where polished stones and marble blocks can be seen
in its walls.
The Colossus of Rhodes
In an attempt to break up the commercial alliance of the Greek island of Rhodes and Egypt,
Macedonians besieged the capitol in 305 BCE. They gave up a year later leaving a wealth of military
equipment The Rhodesians sold the equipment and used the money to build the statue to the sun god,
Helios. It was finished in 282 and stood until the earthquake of 226. It was broken at its weakest point- the
knee. Ptolemy III offered to rebuild it but an oracle was consulted and forbade it Arabs sold its remains in
654 CE.
It was cast in bronze by the sculptor Chares of Lindos and fortified with stone and iron. It stood 110 ft.
high.
The Lighthouse of Alexandria (or Pharos)
Alexander the Great's successor in Egypt, Ptolemy Soter, conceived the project which was carried out by
Sostratos of Cnidus. Its total height was 384 ft. An internal core was used to lift fuel for the fire. In ancient
times a statue of Poseidon adorned the summit.
Earthquakes damaged it in 1303 and 1323 and in 1480 the Egyptian Mamelouk, Qaitbay, used its stones
to build a fort.
Centuries before Columbus, departing sailors realized that Earth was round as they saw the lighthouse
"disappear" from bottom up.
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PROGRAM 4: THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN NORTH AFRICA
Educators are encouraged to preview the film before showing it in class
When the Romans obliterated their enemy, Carthage, after the Third Punic War they inherited a valuable
strategic hub along the Mediterranean trade routes. This occurred during the time when they united the
Italian Peninsula, conquered Greece and Egypt, and established communities along the French and Spanish
coasts. Their civil wars over and Caesar Augustus firmly established as emperor, Rome incorporated
Carthage and the 1600 mile long North African Coast to complete its ring around the Mediterranean,
dominate commerce in what was then the known world, and launch the Roman Empire which would last
for four centuries.
Glossary
Josephus, Flavius—Jewish historian and general, 1st century.
Caesar Augustus (27 BCE &14 CE) —Octavian, Grand-nephew of Julius Caesar, who waged a 13-year
war of revenge against Caesar's assassins and later, a 14-year civil war against Mark Antony and Cleopatra.
Hadrian (117-138) —Emperor during a time of great growth in North Africa. The baths at Leptis Magnus
bear his name.
Septimus Severus (191-211) —Emperor, born at Leptis Magnus, who caused much construction
expansion and trade there.
Miti—Latin ("Let him go!"), to free the conquered gladiator. We get "mitigate" from this root.
Jugula—{"Cut his throat!"), from which we get "jugular vein".
Hippodrome—Open air stadium with an oval race course.
Forum—Roman town center for public gatherings, markets.
Vandals—Germanic people who overran Gaul, Spain and North Africa in the 4th and 5th centuries and
sacked Rome in 455.
Byzantine Empire—-Eastern Roman Empire after the decline of Rome in the 4th century. The capital was
Constantinople (later Byzantium). It lasted another seven centuries.
Justinian—Emperor (527-565) in Byzantium.
Bellisarius—Sent by Justinian to rebuild Carthage in 533.
The Roman's North African Site
Carthage - A few miles east of Tunis, Tunisia.
Leptis Magnus - About 90 mi. east of the Tripoli, Lybia coast.
Dougga - Fifty miles inland, southwest of Tunis.
Cyrene - Northern most point of Lybia, 150 mi. west of Tobruk.
El Gem (or El Jemm) - Inland, 120 mi. south-southeast of Tunis.
Considerations
Assimilation was the technique used by the Romans to pacify conquered peoples and maintain control.
What does this mean? How did their granting citizenship contribute? Can you think of other conquerors-or
colonizers-who took a more authoritarian approach which ultimately proved wrong?
With such magnanimity toward them, why did the Roman colonists eventually rebel? What role did
religion play? Why were Britons harder for the Romans to control? What devices did they use to maintain
order there?
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PROGRAM 5: THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN NORTHERN EUROPE
Educators are encouraged to preview the film before showing it in class
When Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 BCE Rome was the master of what then was the "civilized
world". Over the previous two centuries Romans had united the territories on the Italian Peninsula,
conquered Greece, much of the Middle East, and Egypt. Their defeat of Carthage and their outposts on the
Iberian Peninsula gave them a solid ring of control around the Mediterranean. To their north, however,
grave threats remained.
Gauls, the peoples who inhabited France, Western Germany and southwest Poland had ransacked Rome
in 386 BCE and again advanced in 225. Rome's victory at Telamon was not conclusive enough, though.
Romans felt that their safety depended upon conquering all of Gaul. Only their Punic Wars with Carthage
postponed their northern campaigns until Caesar.
Glossary
Strabo - Greek geographer, late 1st century BCE, early 1st CE.
Celts - Peoples from north and west Europe who migrated into Gaul and Britain in the 4th to 6th centuries
BCE.
Temple of Jupiter - Supreme Roman god (Zeus in Greek).
Capitoline Hill - Most important of Rome's seven hills.
Gaul - Cisalpine Gaul was on the Roman side of the Alps; Transalpine Gaul on the north side of the Alps.
Cremona & Piacenza - On the north and south banks of the Po River, Roman defensive strongholds
before...
Telamon - Battlefield, a great victory over the Gauls, 225 BCE.
Narbo Martius (now Narbonne) - Rome's first colony in Gaul.
Basilica - Roman law court.
Juno - Most important goddess, of marriage, women (Gr. Hera).
Minerva - Goddess of wisdom and arts (Greek-Athena).
Helvetii & Nervii - Strong Gallic tribes whom Caesar defeated.
Oceanus - Roman name for the English Channel.
Ambiorix - Nervii leader whom Caesar defeated.
Vercingetorix - Leader of the Gauls who was defeated at...
Alesia - Caesar's greatest victory in Gaul, 52 BCE.
Claudius - Roman emperor who invaded Britain, 43 CE.
Iceni - Celtic tribe of East Anglia, England, led by...
Boudicca (or Bodicea) - Heroic queen who, after the Romans raped and killed her daughters, raised an
army and captured Colchester and London. After losing she committed suicide.
Gnaius Julius Agricola - Emperor who personally began the "Romanization" of Britain in 77 CE.
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Hadrian's Wall - Named for that Emperor, it was built in 142 to keep out the Scots. (See that program in
this series.)
Septimus Severus - Emperor who built the...
Antonine Wall - Beyond Hadrian's in 210. It was abandoned.
Barbarians - Romans' name for Picts, Scots and Attacotti, northern raiders who terrorized Britain in the
4th century.
Anglo-Saxons - Immigrant invaders from Germany and Denmark who increasingly moved into Britain
after about 350.
Vandals, Goths, Visigoths, & Franks - Roaming hordes from Eastern Europe who overran the Roman
Empire in Europe and North Africa in the 4th and 5th centuries.
PROGRAM 6: THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE MIDDLE EAST
Educators are encouraged to preview the film before showing it in class
Timeline (approximate)
 1900 BCE - Hebrews, led by Abraham, immigrate to Canaan, the land promised them by
God, from the Tigris-Euphrates Valley.
 1400-1300 - Egypt dominates the area. Like Joseph, many Hebrews emigrate to Egypt.
 1200 - Hebrews are led out of Egypt by Moses who receives the Ten Commandments on Mt.
Sinai along with directions for building the Ark of the Covenant.
 1160 - Hebrews win their "Promised Land" under Joshua.
 1095 - Hebrew kingdom is established by King Saul.
 1056-1015 - Period of King David. He is followed by Solomon.
 1012-1005 - Solomon builds the first temple.
 937 - Following Solomon's death the kingdom is split into the ten tribes of Israel in the north
and the remaining two into Judea in the south.
 722 - Assyria overruns Judea.
 586 - Babylon destroys the temple and carry off most of the tribes into captivity. During this
time the Ark disappears.
 536 - Under more benign Persian control, the temple is rebuilt. Jews begin to return from
captivity over the next 200 years.
 332 - Alexander the Great begins the Greek Era.
 168 -Hebrew revolt of the Macabees. The Greeks withdraw. Their descendents, the
Hasmonaeans, continue local rule.
 70 - Romans occupy the area, destroy the temple. They make Herod the Great the king of
Judea. He converts to Judaism.
 7-4 - Herod the Great builds the third temple.
 29 CE - Herod Antipas examines Jesus at the request of Pilate.
 44 - Rome takes direct control and make Judea a province.
 66 - Hebrews revolt under the Zealots.
 69 - Jerusalem and the temple are leveled by the Romans.
 73 - The war ends with the Romans capture of Masada.
 132 - Hebrews revolt again under Simeon Bar Kokhba.
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 135 - Final defeat of the Hebrews. The diaspora is completed.
 324 - Rule of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) empire begins.
 636 - Islamic forces capture Jerusalem. They later build their temple, The Dome of the Rock,
on the Hebrews' ancient site.
 1099-1187 - Christian crusaders occupy Jerusalem at times.
 1517 - Rule of the Islamic Ottoman Turks begins.
 1917 - British Mandate of Palestine begins. Many Jews return.
 1948 - New state of Israel is created by the United Nations.
 1967 - Israelis capture Jerusalem in the "Six Days' War".
Glossary
Holy of Holies - Most sacred in the temple. It contained the Ark.
Sicarii - "Assassins", as the Romans called the Hebrew...
Zealots - Jewish resistors to Roman rule.
Josephus, Flavius - Jewish historian and military leader.
Palestine - Contained Israel in the north and Judea in the south in Jewish times. Name for the entire area
during the British Mandate. Palestinians now live under the rule of Israel.
Hellenization - Having adopted Greek (Hellas) ways.
Hasmonaeans - Descendents of the Macabee rulers.
Seleucid - Greek rulers. From Alexander's successor, Seleucus.
Antiochus IV - Seleucid ruler, plundered Jerusalem in 198 BCE.
Gnaius Pompey - Roman general who captured Jerusalem in 63 BCE. He was a rival of Julius Caesar who
had him murdered.
Procurators - Roman governors after 6 CE. Pontius Pilate was the procurator and examiner when Jesus
was crucified.
Caesaria - Roman coastal city named for Augustus Caesar.
Vespasian - Defeated the Zealots at Zotapata. Later emperor.
Titus - Vespasian's son who defeated the Zealots at Masada.
Trajan - Roman emperor who promised a new temple.
Hadrian - Emperor who imposed harsh rule and created...
Diaspora – The scattering of the Jews over Europe after 135 CE.
Aelia Capilolina - New Roman city over Jerusalem's ruins.
Wailing Wall - Only remnant of the temple. Jewish holy site.
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