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2. ENGLISH. GRAMMAR UNIT 2 PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTNUOUS 2.1. PAST SIMPLE 2.1.1. Meaning We use past simple to talk about actions in the past that take place once, never or several times. I went to Paris in 2005 They didn't go to the concert on Friday Lucy visited her brother every day We also use it to order two or more actions actions in the past: He went to school, took off his coat and sat down Past simple is also used to refer to an action in the past that takes place during other action. In other words, if there is a long event in the past interrupted by a punctual event, the first one is expressed by the past continuous (see next section) and the second (punctual) one is expressed by the past simple: When I was studying, the phone suddenly rang → there is a durative event (studying) interrupted by a punctual event (the phone ringing) He arrived when I was having lunch We use past simple In conditional sentences type II (see unit 6). If I were you, I would do my homework. 2.1.2. Form: Affirmative There are two types of verbs. Regular verbs add –ed in past simple. Irregular verbs have specific forms in the past (see list of irregular verbs). 658-890-819 / 667-60-95-07 c/ del Padre Claret, 9, bj, 28002 www.academiavelazquez.es [email protected] I, you, we, you, they He, she, it Worked Worked As you can see, there are no differences among personal pronouns: first, second and third person (singular and plural) are the same. If the verb ends in <consonant + -y>, you have to add -ied: Try → tried Hurry → hurried Negative I, you, we, you, they Did not/ didn´t play He, she, it did not/didn´t Play In the negative form you have to use the auxiliary verb do. Remember that auxiliary verbs are the ones that express tense and person: in this case, do is in past simple but it remains the same with all persons (because in past simple, there is no difference among persons, as we saw with the affirmative form). Notice that both present simple and past simple use auxiliary do in negative and interrogative sentences. This means that simple tenses always use do in these contexts. I didn´t have a cat when I was a child We didn´t like going to school. He didn´t live in the town. They didn´t go to the cinema yesterday. She didn´t play the violin. Interrogative Did I, you, we, you, they go? Did He, she, it go? 658-890-819 / 667-60-95-07 c/ del Padre Claret, 9, bj, 28002 www.academiavelazquez.es [email protected] In the interrogative form you also have to use the auxiliary verb do, in the past (did). Remember that the subjects comes after did and before the main verb in questions (as it happens in present simple): Did you like football? Did they play tennis last week? Did he work yesterday? Did they go to the theatre last night? Did she live near here? 2.1.3. Short answers. Yes, No, I, you, we, you, they did He, she, it did I, you, we, you, they didn´t He, she, it didn´t Did you go to the concert last night? No, I didn't → this is the short form to say “No, I didn't go to the concert last night”. Did they play tennis last week? Yes, they did → this is the short form to say “Yes, they played tennis last week”. 2.2. CONTINUOUS PAST WAS/WERE + “-ING” 658-890-819 / 667-60-95-07 c/ del Padre Claret, 9, bj, 28002 www.academiavelazquez.es [email protected] 2.2.1. Meaning: The continuous past is the equivallent of the present continuous, but in the past: it is used to talk about durative past events: I was teaching French in Paris for two months. Yesterday, I was reading the whole afternoon. I was not learning English because I was teaching French. This durative event can be interrupted by another action, in past simple. If we have two past events in a sentence, one in past continuous and the other in past simple, the second one interrupts the first one: I was watching TV when she called. I was listening to my mp3, so I didn´t hear the fire alarm. *Important: In the simple past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the continuous past, a specific time only interrupts the action: Last night al 6 PM, I was eating dinner. At midnight, we were still driving. Last night at 7 PM, I ate dinner Last night at 7 PM, I was eating the dinner When we use the continuous past with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time: I was watching a movie while he was cooking Were you listening while she was talking? With adverbs such as always or constantly, it expresses the idea that something irritating often happened in the past: She was always talking about the same thing. He was always coming to class late. 658-890-819 / 667-60-95-07 c/ del Padre Claret, 9, bj, 28002 www.academiavelazquez.es [email protected] *Exception. These verbs are rarely used in continuous tenses: Abstract Verbs To be, to want, to cost, to seem, to need, to care, to contain, to owe, to exist… Possession Verbs To possess, to own, to belong… Emotion Verbs To like, to love, to hate, to dislike, to fear, to envy, to mind… Examples: He was being at my house when you arrived = He was at my house when you arrived. 2.2.2. Form: Affirmative Auxiliary TO BE (in the past: was/were) + main verb-ing I was You were He/she/it was We were You were They were working working working working working working Remember that the auxiliary is the one that expresses tense (in this case, past) while the main verb remains in the same form (in this case, -ing). All continuous tenses are formed using to be + -ing, we have already studied present and past continuous, and we will study present perfect continuous and past perfer continuous in the next units. They are all formed following the same rule. Negative You don´t need the auxiliary verb do. I was not working 658-890-819 / 667-60-95-07 c/ del Padre Claret, 9, bj, 28002 www.academiavelazquez.es [email protected] You weren´t He/she/it wasn´t We weren´t You weren´t They weren´t working working working working working Interrogative You don´t need the auxiliary verb do. Remember that the subject comes between the auxiliary to be and the main verb in questions: Was I Were you Was he/she/it Were we Were you Were they working? working? working? working? working? working? Remember!! Adverbs of frecuency always come before the main verb and after the auxiliary: always, only, never, ever, still, just… You were always watching TV. He was never playing football. 2.2.3. Short answers Yes, No, I You, we, you, they He, she, it I You, we, you, they He, she, it was were was was not weren´t wasn´t - Were you watching TV last night? 658-890-819 / 667-60-95-07 c/ del Padre Claret, 9, bj, 28002 www.academiavelazquez.es [email protected] - No, I wasn't → this is the short form to say “No, I wasn't watching TV last night”. - Was he playing the piano yesterday? - Yes, he was → this is the short form to say “Yes, he was playing the piano yesterday”. 2.3. VOCABULARY 2.3.1. -ED and –ING adjectives -ED is the past participle of regular verbs. Participles can be used as adjectives to describe people, things or situations. Participles always have a passive meaning: the person, thing or situation described is affected by some emotion or event: Verb TO BORE (aburrir) → Past participle: BORED (aburrido) → Peter was bored in class ((Peter estaba aburrido en clase). Verb TO INTEREST (interesar) → Past Participle: interested (interesado) → Peter is interested in art (Peter está interesado en el arte). The class bores Peter → Peter is affected by the event described by the verb bore: Peter is bored. Art interests Peter → Peter is affected by the event described by the verb interest: Peter is interested. - ING is the gerund (gerundio) form of verbs. It can be used as an adjective to describe people, things or situations. The gerund always has an active meaning: the person, thing or situation is performing the action described by the verb in gerund: Verb to bore → gerund: boring → The class is boring. Verb to interest → gerund: interesting → Art is interesting. The class bores Peter → the class is what bores Peter: The class is boring. 658-890-819 / 667-60-95-07 c/ del Padre Claret, 9, bj, 28002 www.academiavelazquez.es [email protected] Art interests Peter → Art is what interests Peter: Art is interesting. Remember: In Spanish this contrast can be expressed in different ways. Sometimes, the adjective in -ed corresponds to a participle (una persona interesada en el arte) while the adjective in -ing corresponds to an adjective in -ante (una persona interesante). The verbs ser and estar can also express this contrast: Pepe es aburrido (boring) / Pepe está aburrido (bored). Common pairs of adjectives in -ed / -ing: ADJECTIVES -ING ADJECTIVE -ED Amusing (algo / alguien que es Amused (alguien que está entretenido, divertido) pasándolo bien) Annoying (algo / alguien que es Annoyed (alquien que está molesto) molesto) Boring (algo / alguien que es Bored (alquien que está aburrido) aburrido) Concerning (concerniente; Concerned (algo / alguien involucrado; preocupante) preocupado) Confusing (alguien / algo que es Confused (alguien / algo que está confuso) confuso) Embarrassing (algo / alguien que es Embarrassed (alguien que está vergonzoso, que da vergüenza) avergonzado, incómodo) Encouraging (algo / alguien que da Encouraged (alguien que está valor) envalentonado) Entertaining (algo / alguien que es Entertained (alguien que está entrenedido) entretenido) Exciting (excitante) Excited (excitado) Exhausting (extenuante) Exhausted (extenuado) Frightening (alguien / algo que da Frightened (asustado) miedo) Frustrating (frustrante) Frustrated (frustrado) Humiliating (humillante) Humiliated (humillado) Interesting (interesante) Interested (interesado) Overwhelming (abrumador) Overwhelmed (abrumado) Relaxing (relajante) Relaxed (relajado) Satisfying (satisfactorio) Satisfied (satisfecho) Shocking (chocante, impresionante) Shocked (chocado, impresionado) 658-890-819 / 667-60-95-07 c/ del Padre Claret, 9, bj, 28002 www.academiavelazquez.es [email protected] Surprising (sorprendente) Surprised (sorprendido) 2.3.2. Travel vocabulary Useful verbs To drive: conducir To book / to make a reservation: To fly: volar reservar / hacer una reserva To go abroad: irse al extranjero To check in at the hotel: registrarse en el To go by bus / by train / by car / by plane hotel /etc.: ir en autobús / tren / coche /etc. To check in the luggage: facturar las To go camping: ir de acampada maletas To go climbing: Ir de escalada To check out at the hotel: marcharse del To go on holiday / vacation: irse de hotel (dejar la llave, pagar, etc.) vacaciones To go hiking: ir a hacer una ruta de To go skiing: ir a esquiar montaña To go swimming: ir a nadar To go sightseeing: ir a visitar lugares de To go to the beach: ir a la playa interés turístico To have a bad time: pasarlo mal To have a good time: pasarlo bien To stay: quedarse To land: aterrizar To take a photograph / picture: hacer To leave: marcharse una fotografia To lie: estar tumbado To take the bus / train / etc.: coger el To miss a train / a plane / etc.: perder un autobús / tren / etc. tren /avión / etc. To take the subway: coger el metro To miss someone / something / (USA): coger el metro somewhere: echar de menos To arrive: llegar To park: aparcar To pick up: recoger 658-890-819 / 667-60-95-07 c/ del Padre Claret, 9, bj, 28002 www.academiavelazquez.es [email protected] To relax: relajarse To take off: despegar To rent a car: alquilar un coche To take the tube / the underground (UK): To set off: salir de viaje, partir coger el metro To sunbathe: tomar el sol To travel: viajar General vocabulary Beach: playa Map: mapa Bike: bicicleta Monument: monumento Bridge: puente Motorbike: motocicleta Bus: autobús Motorcycle: moto Bus stop: parada de autobús Motorcyclist: motociclista Camping site, campsite: camping Museum: museo Car crash: accidente de coche One way ticket: billete de ida Coach: autocar / autobús turístico / Opera house: ópera vagón de pasajeros (en un tren) Park: parque Cycle lane: carril bici Parking fine: multa de aparcamiento Cyclist: ciclista Passenger: pasajero Flight: vuelo Passport: pasaporte Fortnight: quincena Pedestrian area: zona peatonal Gate: puerta (de embarque en un Plane: avión aeropuerto) Platform: andén Helicopter: helicóptero Post office: oficina de correos Schedule: horario Railway station: estación de ferrocarril Hospital: hospital Return ticket: billete de ida y vuelta Hostel: hostal Rush hour: hora punta Hotel: hotel Season: temporada Church: iglesia Seat belt: cinturón de seguridad Building: edificio Single room: habitación individual Sunstroke: insolación Square: plaza Helmet: casco Station: estación High season: temporada alta Street car / Trolley (USA): tranvía Holiday: vacaciones Subway (USA): metro Inn: posada Suitcase: maleta Itinerary: itinerario Brochure: folleto Journey: travesía, trayecto Sunburn: quemadura solar Lorry: camión Swimming pool: piscina Low season: temporada baja Taxi: taxi Luggage: equipaje Theater: teatro 658-890-819 / 667-60-95-07 c/ del Padre Claret, 9, bj, 28002 www.academiavelazquez.es [email protected] Tourist: turista Tourist guide: guía turística Tourist office: ofina turística Towel: toalla Traffic jam: atasco Train: tren Tram (UK): tranvía Trip: viaje, excursión Underground (UK): metro Vacation: vacaciones Van: furgoneta Sunglasses: gafas de sol Balloon: globo Guide: guía Double room: habitación doble Weather: tiempo, clima 658-890-819 / 667-60-95-07 c/ del Padre Claret, 9, bj, 28002 www.academiavelazquez.es [email protected]