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Name Class Date Chapter 2 The Fall of Rome Section 1 HSS 7.1 MAIN IDEAS 1. Leadership and laws helped the Romans build a strong empire. 2. Roman advancements in engineering, architecture, art, and philosophy helped shape later civilizations. Students analyze the causes and effects of the vast expansion and ultimate disintegration of the Roman Empire. 3. Romans helped preserve and spread Christianity. Key Terms and People first emperor of Rome citizens people allowed to participate in government aqueducts channels built to carry water from mountains to cities Augustus Academic Vocabulary innovation a new idea or way of doing something Section Summary BUILDING THE EMPIRE Between the 700s BC and the 200s AD, Rome grew from a small village to a huge city with over a million inhabitants. Millions more lived in territory controlled by the Romans. As its territory grew, Rome changed from rule by kings to a government of elected leaders known as a republic. For hundreds of years, the republic grew strong and powerful. Eventually, however, the culture of Rome broke down. To restore order, the Romans changed their government again and became an empire. An empire is ruled by a powerful leader, who is usually called an emperor. Rome’s first emperor, Augustus, established the emperor’s considerable powers. Some later emperors used this power for good, while others abused it. The Roman empire’s Underline the phrase that explains why Rome switched governments from an elected republic to an empire ruled by a powerful leader. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 7 Interactive Reader and Study Guide Name Class Date Section 1, continued laws protected the rights of Roman citizens, the people allowed to participate in government. Citizens had both rights and responsibilities. Citizenship of Rome was considered a great honor. Sometimes even people of a newly conquered land would be granted citizenship as a way of ensuring their loyalty to the empire. ADVANCING CIVILIZATION The Romans made lasting advances in engineering, architecture, art, and philosophy. Engineers built many roads and made other innovations in the infrastructure to make life easier. For example, they built aqueducts, channels built to carry water from distant mountain ranges into Rome. They also used their engineering skills to design and construct bigger, better, and more beautiful public buildings. Roman art carried forward the Greek attempts to recreate realistic work. Roman philosophy differed from that of the Greeks. Instead of projecting ideal worlds, the Romans focused on more practical ways to improve people’s lives. The Stoics, for example, believed that to be happy, one must not focus on possessions, but should act for the good of the group. SPREADING CHRISTIANITY At first, Romans were opposed to the new offshoot of Judaism preached by Jesus. But the religion was popular. Eventually an emperor converted and Christianity became the official religion of the empire. In the later Roman Empire, Christian religious leaders became politically powerful. Why do you think Roman citizenship was considered such a great honor? Underline one way Roman engineers made life easier for people living in Rome. In general, how did Roman philosophers differ from Greek philosophers? Were Christians persecuted in the later Roman Empire? CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Critical Thinking: Drawing Inferences In some key ways, the United States has followed the principles of the Roman Empire. Write an essay explaining what similarities you see between ancient Rome and the United States. HSS Analysis Skills CR 1, CR 3, HI 3 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 8 Interactive Reader and Study Guide