Download AP BIOLOGY Reading Guide 42.1 NAME_____________________

AP BIOLOGY
Reading Guide 42.1
NAME_____________________ Text Reference: Biology in Focus, chapter 42
Energy and Ecosystems
The Laws of Conservation of Energy and Conservation of Matter
Primary Productivity
Net vs Gross:
Producers On land:
Producers In the water:
Describe Trophic Cascades – what they are and the details of the example
given.
AP BIOLOGY
Reading Guide 42.1
NAME_____________________ Text Reference: Biology in Focus, chapter 42
Free Energy- Where does it go?
AP BIOLOGY
Reading Guide 42.1
NAME_____________________ Text Reference: Biology in Focus, chapter 42
On average, how much energy moves to up to each trophic level?
Decomposition: How do rates vary?
AP BIOLOGY
Reading Guide 42.1
NAME_____________________ Text Reference: Biology in Focus, chapter 42
Biogeochemical Cycles: Water, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Carbon
QUESTIONS
1. You and your sibling are watching a nature documentary on tv. In it you see a
herd of wildebeests grazing in the open savanna. Describe the following:
a. The source of free energy for the grass ___________________
b. The source of free energy for the wildebeests __________________
c. List three ways that energy can flow out of the wildebeests:
1.
2.
3.
AP BIOLOGY
Reading Guide 42.1
NAME_____________________ Text Reference: Biology in Focus, chapter 42
2. Label the following diagram:
3. Examine the graph below and answer the questions that follow:
a. What do the bars on the graph represent? ____________________
AP BIOLOGY
Reading Guide 42.1
NAME_____________________ Text Reference: Biology in Focus, chapter 42
b. Per square meter, which biome has a higher level of primary productivity,
the tundra of Alaska or the temperate deciduous forests of New York State?
c. Describe two reasons why tropical rain forests are ten times more
productive that the tundra.
d. Of all the biomes listed in your text, the open ocean makes the greatest
contribution to the Earth’s total primary productivity budget, yet on a per
square meter basis its primary productivity is quite low. Explain this
apparent contradiction.
4. Consider an idea energy pyramid:
a. 1,000,000 Joules of sunlight energy hits a field of grass, yet only 10,000 J worth
AP BIOLOGY
Reading Guide 42.1
NAME_____________________ Text Reference: Biology in Focus, chapter 42
of grass is grown. What happens to the rest of the energy?
b. 10,000 J of grass grows and is eaten by insects, producing 1,000 J of
insects? What happens to the rest of the energy?
5. Water cycle: What effect does each of the following processes have on the water
cycle?
Evaporation
Condensation
Transpiration
Respiration
Precipitation
6. Carbon Cycle
(http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/globalcarboncycle.ht
ml): What is the role of each of the following in the carbon cycle?
Photosynthesis
Respiration
AP BIOLOGY
Reading Guide 42.1
NAME_____________________ Text Reference: Biology in Focus, chapter 42
Eating
Burning
7. Nitrogen Cycle: Match the description with the correct term.
A. Ammonification
D. Nitrification
B. Assimilation
E. Nitrogen-fixation
C. Denitrification
______ Soil bacteria or bacteria in the soil convert nitrogen gas (N2)
into usable forms
______ Bacteria convert (NO3-) ammonium (NH4+) into nitrites
(NO2-) and nitrates
______ Decomposers and some nitrogen-fixing bacteria produce
ammonium (NH4+)
______ Plants absorb nitrates from the soil and animals eat plants or
other animals to obtain nitrogen-containing compounds
______ Bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas
8. Phosphorus Cycle
(http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/sulfurphosphorus.ht
ml): Answer the following questions.
a. What acts as the reservoirs of phosphorus in the environment?
b. How do plants obtain (assimilate) phosphorus?
c. How do animals obtain (assimilate) phosphorus?
AP BIOLOGY
Reading Guide 42.1
NAME_____________________ Text Reference: Biology in Focus, chapter 42
9. List three impacts humans have had on ecosystem nutrients cycles. Be specific
to what nutrient is added or lost, how its been added or lost, and what the impact
has been.
10. Select and summarize one of the restoration projects featured at the end of
chapter 42.