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Unit 3 Objectives Chapter 17 Cite what biologists generally accept as evidence that supports evolution. Explain the origin and eventual articulation of the views Darwin had on evolution. Understand as well as you can the ideas and evidence that scientists have used to explain how life might have changed through time. Define natural selection in terms of differential survival and reproduction. Explain how people came to believe that the populations of organisms that inhabit Earth have changed through time. Identify the 5 assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg, and explain how the equation is used to make predictions about evolving populations. Explain how variation occurs in populations and how changes in allele frequencies can be measured. Describe how genetic drift leads to a loss in genetic diversity. Describe the different types of selection mechanisms that help shape populations and give examples of each type. Chapter 18 Describe the different isolating mechanisms that give rise to speciation. Define an adaptation and explain the role adaptive traits play in an organism’s survival. Compare and contrast the different types of speciation. Chapter 19 Explain the difference between microevolution and macroevolution. Describe the patterns that may lead to macroevolution. Describe how taxonomic and cladistics systems are used to detail evolutionary lineages. Describe the various levels of taxonomy and how membership in the different taxa occurs. Identify and describe differences in different cladistics approaches. Define morphological divergence and convergence and identify examples of evidence for each type of event. Describe the difference between homologous and analogous morphological structures. Describe how mutations to genes that direct development could lead to morphological differences in adults of a species. Chapter 20 Describe how life might have arisen on Earth approximately 3.8 billion years ago. Describe the hypotheses for the formation of organic molecules. Describe the factors that led to the divergence of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic lineages. Describe the origins of cells and organelles. Identify the key developments in the origin of metabolism leading to selfreplicating systems. Discuss the endosymbiotic theory and give evidence supporting it.