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Physics Midterm Review Chapters 1-10, 13 Key Concepts / Objectives All of these things can be found on my web page. All notes, power points, conceptual development, Labs, homework assignments Chapter 1 - Explain what Physics is about Explain why mathematics is the language of science Outline the Scientific Method Describe circumstances under which a hypothesis, law, or principle must be changed or abandoned Determine whether a hypothesis is scientific Distinguish between science and technology Distinguish among science, art, and relationship Describe how progress today differs from progress thousands of years ago Key Terms Scientific method, fact, hypothesis, principle, theory, law Chapter 2 - Distinguish between force and net force Describe the equilibrium rule and give examples Distinguish between support force and weight Give examples of moving objects that are in equilibrium Determine the resultant of a pair of parallel or non-parallel vectors Key Terms Force, net force, vector, vector quantity, scalar quantity, mechanical equilibrium, equilibrium rule, support force, resultant Chapter 3 - Describe Aristotle’s concept of motion Describe Copernicus’ idea about the Earth’s motion Describe Galileo’s idea about when an force is needed to keep an object moving State Newton’s first law of motion Describe the relationship between mass and inertia Explain how the law of inertia applies to objects in motion Key Terms Friction, inertia, Newton’s first law, law of inertia, kilogram, mass, weight, newton Chapter 4 - Explain how you can tell an object is moving Describe how you can calculate speed Distinguish between speed and velocity Describe how you can calculate acceleration Describe the acceleration of an object in free fall Describe how the distance fallen per second changes for an object in free fall Describe what the slope of a speed vs time graph represents Describe how air resistance affects the motion of falling objects Explain the relationship between velocity and acceleration Key Terms Relative, speed, instantaneous speed, average speed, velocity, acceleration, free fall, elapsed time Chapter 5 - Distinguish between a vector quantity and a scalar quantity Explain how to find the resultant of two perpendicular vectors Describe how the components of a vector affect each other Describe the components of projectile motion Describe the downward motion of a horizontally launched projectile Describe how far below an imaginary straight-line path a projectile falls Key Terms Components, projectile, resolution Chapter 6 - State the relationship between acceleration and net force. - State the relationship between acceleration and mass. - State and explain Newton’s second law of motion. - List the factors that affect the force of friction between forces. - Distinguish between force and pressure. - Explain why the acceleration of an object in free fall does not depend on the mass of the object. - List the factors that affect the air resistance force on an object. Key Terms Inversely, Newton’s second Law, fluid, air resistance, free-body diagram, pressure, pascal, terminal speed, terminal velocity Chapter 7 - Define force as part of an interaction. - State Newton’s third law of motion. - Describe how to identify a of action-reaction forces. - Explain why the accelerations caused by an action force and by reaction force do not have to be equal. - Explain why an action force is not cancelled by the reaction force. - Explain how a horse-cart system accelerates. - Explain what must occur in every interaction between things. Key Terms Interaction, Newton’s third law, action force, reaction force Chapter 8 - Define momentum. - Define impulse and describe how it affects changes in momentum. - Explain why an impulse is greater when an object bounces than when the same object comes to a sudden stop. - State the law of conservation of momentum. - Describe how the conservation of the momentum applies to collisions. - Describe how the vector nature of momentum affects the law of conservation of momentum. Key Terms Momentum, impulse, law of conservation of momentum, elastic collision, inelastic collision Chapter 9 - Define and describe work. - Define and describe power. - State the two forms of mechanical energy. - State 3 forms of potential energy. - Describe how work and kinetic energy are related. - State the work-energy theorem. - State the law of conservation of energy. - Describe how a machine uses energy. - Explain why no machine can be 100% efficient. - Describe the role of energy in living organisms. Key Terms Work, joule, power, watt, energy, mechanical energy, potential energy, kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, law of conservation of energy, machine, lever, fulcrum, mechanical advantage, pulley, efficiency, fuel cell Chapter 10 - Describe the two types of circular motion. - Describe the relationship among tangential speed, rotational speed, and radial speed. - Describe the factors that affect the centripetal force acting on an object. - Explain the “centrifugal-force effect”. - Explain why centrifugal force is not considered a true force. Key Terms Axis, rotation, revolution, linear speed, tangential speed, rotational speed, centripetal speed, centrifugal force