Download BIO 142 Unit 1 Learning Objectives

NOVA – ELI BIO 142 Unit 1 Learning Objectives Upon your successful completion of Unit 1, you will be able to do the following. Chapter 17 – Endocrine System 1. Describe the general functions of the endocrine system. 2. Describe three mechanisms that stimulate hormone synthesis and release. 3. Provide at least two examples for each category of circulating hormones: a. Steroids (lipid soluble). b. Biogenic (water soluble). c. Proteins (water soluble). 4. Define the terms autocrine and paracrine stimulation with respect to local hormones. 5. Briefly compare the transport of lipid-­‐soluble and water-­‐soluble hormones in blood from their site of release to the target cells. 6. Explain the homeostatic mechanism for maintaining circulating hormone levels in blood. 7. Briefly explain the interaction between lipid-­‐soluble hormones and their target cell receptors with respect to the: a. location of receptors, b. cellular change that occurs, and c. formation of products. d. Provide one example of this type of interaction. 8. Briefly explain the interaction between water-­‐soluble hormones and their target cell receptors with respect to the: a. location of receptors, b. cellular change that occurs, and c. formation of the products. d. Provide one example for this type of interaction. 9. Briefly describe the conditions that influence the number of target cell receptors (up-­‐
regulation and down-­‐regulation) available for a specific hormone. 10. Define the following types of hormone interactions and provide one example for each type. a. Synergistic. b. Permissive. c. Antagonistic. 11. Hypothalamus and pituitary gland. a. Briefly describe the anatomic relationship of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. b. Interactions between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland. 1 NOVA – ELI I.
Name two hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary gland. II.
Briefly describe functions of those two hormones. c. Interaction between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland. I.
Name the seven releasing and inhibiting hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus that have an effect on the anterior pituitary gland. II.
Name the six hormones synthesized by the anterior pituitary gland. III.
Briefly explain the relationship of the following sets of hormones, and the function of each of these hormones -­‐ i.
Thyrotropin-­‐Releasing Hormone (TRH)/Thyroid-­‐Stimulating Hormone (TSH)/Thyroxine & Triiodothyronine (T4 & T3). ii.
Prolactin-­‐Releasing Hormone (PRH)/Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)/ Prolactin (PRL). iii.
Gonadotropin-­‐Releasing Hormone (GnRH)/Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). iv.
Corticotropin-­‐Releasing Hormone (CRH)/Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)/Glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex. v.
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GnRH)/ Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)/Growth hormone (GH)/Insulin-­‐like growth factor 1 and 2 (IGF-­‐1 and IGF-­‐2). d. Briefly describe the effect of growth hormone (GH) and IGFs on the following: I.
All body cells. II.
Liver. III.
Adipose tissue. e. Briefly explain the disorders of growth hormone secretion in pituitary gigantism and acromegaly. 12. Thyroid gland and hormones. a. Describe the location and anatomy of the thyroid gland. b. Name two forms of thyroid hormones. c. Briefly explain the actions of thyroid hormones with regards to the following: I.
Glycogenolysis. II.
Gluconeogenesis. III.
Lipolysis. IV.
Calorigenic effect. V.
Glucose sparing effect. VI.
Respiratory rate. VII.
Heart rate and force of heart contraction. d. Briefly explain the following disorders of thyroid hormone secretion -­‐ hyperthyroidism (Graves’ disease); hypothyroidism; and goiter. 13. Adrenal glands and Cortisol. a. Describe the structure and location of the adrenal glands. b. Name two hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla. 2 NOVA – ELI c. Describe the functions of each of the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla. d. Name three hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex. e. Describe the functions of each of the hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex. f. Briefly explain why cortisol is sometimes called the “stress hormone”. g. Describe the effect of cortisol on the following tissues: I.
Liver/hepatocytes. II.
Adipose connective tissue. III.
Most cells including muscle cells. h. Briefly explain the following disorders of adrenocortical hormone secretion -­‐ Cushing syndrome; Addison disease; and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. 14. Pancreas and hormones. a. Describe the gross anatomy and cellular structure of the pancreas. b. Briefly explain why pancreas is considered as an exocrine and an endocrine gland. c. Identify two primary cell types of pancreatic islet cells, and state the hormones they produce. d. Name the primary endocrine function of the pancreas. e. Briefly explain the action of insulin on the following tissues with respect to its blood glucose lowering effect: I.
Liver tissue. II.
Adipose connective tissue. III.
All body cells, especially muscle cells. IV.
Most body cells. f. Briefly explain the action of glucagon on the following tissues with respect to its blood glucose raising effect: I.
Liver tissue II.
Adipose connective tissue g. Name the medical condition(s) resulting in abnormal blood glucose concentration. 15. Pineal gland. a. State the location of the pineal gland. b. Name the primary hormone secreted by this gland. c. Briefly explain the major function of this hormone. 16. Parathyroid gland. a. State the location of the parathyroid gland. b. Name the primary hormone secreted by this gland. c. Briefly explain the major function of this hormone. Chapter 18 – Cardiovascular System: Blood 3 NOVA – ELI 1. Briefly explain the general functions of blood with respect to, a. transportation, b. regulation, and c. protection. 2. Name six physical characteristics of blood. 3. List three visible components of blood in centrifuged blood. 4. Define hematocrit. 5. Explain why the hematocrit is generally higher in males than in females. 6. Explain how hematocrit is altered in the following conditions: a. Dehydration. b. Blood doping. c. Anemia. 7. Name the three primary components of blood plasma. 8. Define colloid osmotic pressure. 9. Briefly explain the function of colloid osmotic pressure. 10. Explain what would happen to colloid osmotic pressure in a malnourished person. 11. Briefly explain the functions of the following plasma proteins: a. Albumin. b. Globulins. c. Fibrinogen. 12. Name other solutes (dissolved and non-­‐dissolved substances) found in blood plasma. 13. State the life span and describe the general functions of the following formed elements in blood -­‐ a. Erythrocytes b. Leukocytes c. Platelets 14. Define hematopoiesis. 15. Erythropoiesis. a. Name the hormone secreted by the kidneys that is involved in erythropoiesis. b. Describe the dietary requirements for erythropoiesis. c. State the average normal concentration of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter of blood in a young healthy individual. 16. Thrombopoiesis. a. State another name for platelets. b. Briefly describe the formation of platelets. 17. Erythrocytes. a. Briefly describe the structure and function of erythrocytes. b. Briefly explain the benefits of erythrocytes being non-­‐nucleated and without any organelles. c. Briefly explain the benefits of the concave shape and flexibility of erythrocytes. d. Define hemoglobin. e. Differentiate between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. f. List the components of hemoglobin. g. Name three factors that stimulate the production of erythropoietin (EPO) by the kidneys. h. Briefly describe the fate of the following substances during the process of erythrocyte destruction: I.
globin 4 NOVA – ELI 18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
II.
iron component of hemoglobin III.
the heme group Define anemia. Explain the effect of blood doping on blood viscosity. Differentiate blood types A, B, AB, and O with regards to, a. the surface antigen, and b. the antibodies in the plasma. Define Rhesus (Rh) factor (surface antigen D). Differentiate between Rh negative and Rh positive. Using figure 18.10, briefly explain the consequences of a mismatched blood transfusion. Briefly explain why an individual with blood type O is called universal donor. Briefly explain why an individual with blood type AB is called universal recipient. Leukocytes. a. State the function of each of the following granulocytes: I.
Neutrophils. II.
Eosinophils. III.
Basophils. b. State the function of each of the following agranulocytes: I.
Lymphocytes. II.
Monocytes. Hemostasis. a. Define hemostasis. b. Name three phases of hemostasis. c. Briefly describe what happens when platelets adhere to the collagen fibers in a damaged blood vessel. d. Name three pathways involved in blood coagulation. e. Describe the general function of the following substances involved in blood coagulation: I.
Vitamin K. II.
Fibrinogen. III.
Calcium. IV.
Clotting factors. V.
Thrombin. f. Name the final end-­‐product from the common pathway. g. Describe the physiological changes that occur when the sympathetic response is activated due to a 10% blood loss. h. Define fibrinolysis. i. State the function of fibrinolysis. Name the location of hematopoiesis in, a. A child. b. An adult. 5