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Latitude and Longitude • Lines on globes and maps provide information that can help you easily locate places on the earth. • These lines—called latitude and longitude—cross one another, forming a pattern called a grid system. Latitude • Lines of latitude, or parallels, circle the earth parallel to the Equator and measure the distance north or south of the Equator in degrees. • The Equator is at 0° latitude, while the Poles lie at latitudes 90°N (north) and 90°S (south). 90 0 • Degrees are the angular measurement north or south of the equator Longitude • Lines of longitude, or meridians, circle the earth from Pole to Pole. These lines measure distances east or west of the starting line, which is at 0° longitude and is called the Prime Meridian. The Prime Meridian runs through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England. Lines of longitude go 180 degrees east and west of the prime meridian International Date Line: An arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross the International Date Line heading east (toward America), the clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When you go west (toward Asia), the calendar moves ahead one day. Absolute Location • The grid system formed by lines of latitude and longitude makes it possible to find the absolute location of a place. Many places can be found along a line of latitude, but only one place can be found at the point where a certain line of latitude crosses a certain line of longitude. By using degrees and minutes (points between degrees), people can pinpoint the precise spot where one line of latitude crosses one line of longitude—an absolute location. Degrees are divided into minutes • 1 degree equals 60 minutes Minutes are divided into seconds • 1 minute equals 60 seconds (airplanes need to land on the correct runway and bombs need to hit the right building.) Degrees can be turned into decimals to make them easier to work with • 51 minutes = .85 degrees • 30 minutes = .5 degrees • 20 minutes = .33 degrees Southern California Vernacular Regions The High Desert • The Valley • • East San • The West Side LA LA Gabriel • Valley The South Bay South Central Long Beach Orange County Inland Empire The High Desert The Valley The West Side The South Bay Southern California Vernacular Regions • East LA LA San Gabriel Valley The Valley The IE LA and East LA South Central The West Side Orange County The South Bay The High Desert Long Beach San Gabriel Valley South Central Long Beach Orange County Inland Empire There are two main branches of geography: human geography, and physical geography. Human geography: the study of the location of people and human activities across Earth’s surface, and of their relationships to one another. Physical geography studies the natural environment: climates, landforms, and types of vegetation. Physical geography studies the natural environment: climates, landforms, and types of vegetation. Geography vs. Geology San Gabriel Mountains San Fernando Valley Santa Monica Mtns. Southern California Physical Map Inland Empire • San Gabriel Mts, San Bernardino Mts, Santa Monica Mts., Santa Ana Mts, LA River, San Gabriel River, Santa Ana River, Puente Hills, Chino Hills, San Jose Hills, San Fernando Valley, San Gabriel Valley, Inland Empire Chapter 1 Study Guide Textbook webpage http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_rubenstein_humangeo_8/ 0,9140,1362726-,00.html Geography looks at the world from a spatial perspective, seeking to understand the changing spatial organization of the earth’s surface. • the science of location Spatial patterns, Fertility and education of women inter-relationships. (interconnections, interdependence) Geography is the study of Earth’s physical and cultural landscapes, Geography’s slogan: Where, why, and why care. Urban design affects crime, housing prices etc Tobler's First law of geography: All things are related, but near things are more related than far things. Climate, ethnicity, housing prices, sports etc. One of the most important ideas in geography is Distance decay : the effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions. The distance decay effect states that the interaction between two locales declines as the distance between them increases. Related terms include friction of distance: the notion that distance usually requires some amount of effort, money, and/or energy to overcome. Because of this "friction," spatial interactions will tend to take place more often over shorter distances; quantity of interaction will decline with distance. For example land decreases in value as distance from the center increases Distance decay is graphically represented by a curving line that swoops concavely downward as distance along the x-axis increases. Draw Geographers try to understand the Human Environmental Interaction: how places shape culture and how culture shapes places. Geography is also considered the study of place and space Space or location is the where Place: meaningful human associations with a location. Human nature has a need to identify with a place and to differentiate ourselves through that place. Place suggests qualities of distinctiveness and identity with a location. sense of place: feelings evoked among people as a result of the experiences and memories that they associate with a place New Orleans Flam, Norway Places exert a strong influence on people’s physical wellbeing, and their opportunities. Living in a small town dominated by petrochemical industries, for example, means a higher probability than elsewhere of being exposed to air and water pollution. Small towns have only a limited range of job opportunities, and may have a relatively narrow range of lifestyle options because of a lack of amenities such as theaters, specialized stores and restaurants, and recreational facilities. spatial association: The concept that the distribution of one phenomenon is scientifically related to the location of other phenomena