Download Latitude and Longitude

Latitude and Longitude
• Lines on globes and maps provide information
that can help you easily locate places on the earth.
• These lines—called latitude and longitude—cross
one another, forming a pattern called a grid
system.
Latitude
• Lines of latitude, or parallels, circle the earth parallel to the
Equator and measure the distance north or south of the
Equator in degrees.
• The Equator is at 0° latitude, while the Poles lie at
latitudes 90°N (north) and 90°S (south).
90
0
• Degrees are the angular measurement north
or south of the equator
Longitude
• Lines of longitude, or meridians, circle the earth from Pole
to Pole.
These lines measure distances east or west of the starting line,
which is at 0° longitude and is called the Prime Meridian.
The Prime Meridian runs
through the Royal
Observatory in
Greenwich, England.
Lines of longitude go 180 degrees east and
west of the prime meridian
International Date
Line: An arc that
for the most part
follows 180°
longitude,
although it deviates in several places to avoid
dividing land areas.
When you cross the International Date Line heading
east (toward America), the clock moves back 24
hours, or one entire day. When you go west (toward
Asia), the calendar moves ahead one day.
Absolute Location
• The grid system formed by lines of latitude and longitude makes it
possible to find the absolute location of a place. Many places can be
found along a line of latitude, but only one place can be found at the
point where a certain line of latitude crosses a certain line of
longitude. By using degrees and minutes (points between degrees),
people can pinpoint the precise spot where one line of latitude crosses
one line of longitude—an absolute location.
Degrees are divided into minutes
• 1 degree equals 60 minutes
Minutes are divided into seconds
• 1 minute equals 60 seconds
(airplanes need to land on the correct runway and bombs need to hit the right
building.)
Degrees can be turned into decimals to make them easier to work with
• 51 minutes = .85 degrees
• 30 minutes = .5 degrees
• 20 minutes = .33 degrees
Southern California Vernacular
Regions
The High Desert
• The Valley
•
•
East San
•
The West Side
LA LA Gabriel
•
Valley
The
South
Bay
South
Central
Long
Beach
Orange
County
Inland
Empire
The High Desert
The Valley
The West Side
The
South
Bay
Southern California
Vernacular
Regions
•
East
LA LA
San Gabriel Valley
The Valley
The IE
LA and East LA
South Central
The West Side
Orange County
The South Bay
The High Desert
Long Beach
San
Gabriel
Valley
South
Central
Long
Beach
Orange
County
Inland
Empire
There are two main branches of
geography: human geography, and
physical geography.
Human
geography: the
study of the
location of people
and human
activities across
Earth’s surface,
and of their
relationships to
one another.
Physical geography studies the natural
environment: climates, landforms, and types
of vegetation.
Physical geography studies the natural environment: climates, landforms, and types of
vegetation.
Geography vs. Geology
San Gabriel Mountains
San Fernando Valley
Santa Monica Mtns.
Southern California
Physical Map
Inland Empire
• San Gabriel Mts, San Bernardino Mts,
Santa Monica Mts., Santa Ana Mts, LA
River, San Gabriel River, Santa Ana River,
Puente Hills, Chino Hills, San Jose Hills,
San Fernando Valley, San Gabriel Valley,
Inland Empire
Chapter 1 Study Guide
Textbook webpage
http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_rubenstein_humangeo_8/
0,9140,1362726-,00.html
Geography looks at the world
from a spatial perspective,
seeking to understand the
changing spatial organization of
the earth’s surface.
• the science of location
Spatial patterns,
Fertility and education of women
inter-relationships.
(interconnections,
interdependence)
Geography is the study of Earth’s physical and
cultural landscapes,
Geography’s slogan: Where, why,
and why care.
Urban design affects crime, housing
prices etc
Tobler's First law of geography: All things are
related, but near things are more related than
far things.
Climate, ethnicity, housing prices, sports etc.
One of the most important ideas in geography is
Distance decay : the effect of distance on cultural
or spatial interactions. The distance decay effect
states that the interaction between two locales
declines as the distance between them increases.
Related terms include friction of distance: the notion
that distance usually requires some amount of effort,
money, and/or energy to overcome.
Because of this "friction," spatial interactions will tend
to take place more often over shorter distances;
quantity of interaction will decline with distance.
For example land decreases in value as distance from
the center increases
Distance decay is
graphically represented by a
curving line that swoops
concavely downward as
distance along the x-axis
increases.
Draw
Geographers try to
understand the
Human
Environmental
Interaction: how
places shape culture
and how culture
shapes places.
Geography is also considered the study of
place and space
Space or location is the where
Place: meaningful human
associations with a
location.
Human nature has a need to identify
with a place and to differentiate
ourselves through that place. Place
suggests qualities of distinctiveness
and identity with a location.
sense of place: feelings evoked among people
as a result of the experiences and memories
that they associate with a place
New Orleans
Flam, Norway
Places exert a strong influence on
people’s physical wellbeing, and
their opportunities.
Living in a small town dominated by petrochemical
industries, for example, means a higher probability than
elsewhere of being exposed to air and water pollution.
Small towns have only a limited range of job
opportunities, and may have a relatively narrow range of
lifestyle options because of a lack of amenities such as
theaters, specialized stores and restaurants, and
recreational facilities.
spatial association: The concept that the
distribution of one phenomenon is
scientifically related to the location of other
phenomena