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Ecology Notes Ecology Definition: Study of _______________ of organisms with __________________ and their physical ___________________ Ecologists study… ________________(count them, monitor endangered species) ________________(how it effects organisms and the environment) Ecology Vocab ________ - an organisms ____ within its ____________ _________ – place where a particular _______ of a _______ lives _____________ – many different __________ that live together in a _______________ _____________ – a ________________ and all of the _____________ aspects of its habitat Factors in an Ecosystem _________ – _______________ (physical) aspects of a __________ Ex – ______, precipitation, ______, climate, temperature _______ – _________ aspects of a habitat Ex – _________, bacteria, animals, _______, protists Ex – _________ and prey Biodiversity The ____________ of _____________, their genetic _____________, and the _____________ and _________________ in which they occur Necessary for an ecosystem to survive Ecology… Biodiversity is all of the wide variety of __________________ that exist on Earth and the __________________ they exist in… (_______________ + ______________ factors) The biotic factors (_____________) interact with each other and the _______________. The ______________ of organisms with each other can be shown in a __________________. The ______________________ relationship is an example of one of these interactions. Producer (____________) Producers (autotrophs) are always at the base of the chain. Producers are organisms that ______________________________________. _______________ are producers. Consumer (____________) Consumers are organisms that __________ make their own food. They rely on “eating” other organisms to get their food. Herbivores (a type of ______________) Herbivores are animals that ______________________. A ______________ are herbivores. Omnivores (a type of ______________) An omnivore eats __________________________. _____________________ are omnivores. Carnivores (a type of ______________) Animals that _____________ are carnivores. A _________________ are carnivores. Decomposers (a type of ______________) A decomposer eats ________________________________ Scavengers (a type of ______________) both a _________________________ which searches out ______________________ contributes to the __________________________of dead plants and animals _________________________ Food chains The ______________________________ in an ecosystem. A food chain is the ________________________________________________________ Describe each of the following food chains…. (What’s eating what? Where is energy going?) _____________________________ ____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Energy flow _____________major supplier of the earth’s _________________ Most of the energy released is ____________________________ Producers - Plants ______________________________________________ Primary Consumers (herbivores) - Animals that _______________________________ Secondary Consumers (carnivores) - Consumers that feed on ___________________ Tertiary Consumers (top carnivores)—consumers that feed on ___________________ Pyramid of numbers Carnivore populations are ______________ in comparison to the rest of the ecosystem. They ____________________________ to sustain their lives than the lower organisms. The _______________________________________________ that is transferred from trophic level to trophic level ____________________ How many trophic levels are present? Determine the amount of useable energy for the different trophic levels. Level 2: _________ Level 3: _________ Level 4: _________ Level 5: _________ food webs Many food chains ________________________ The arrow always ____________________________________________ to the _________________________________ Shows the movement of _______________________ in an ecosystem. Ecology So, we have studied how organisms interact with each other in food chains/webs. We can also study relationships where organisms live together. These relationships are called _______________________ relationships. Symbiosis—living together Mutualism • __________________________ Commensalism • __________________________ Parasitism • ___________________________ Examples: _______________________ _______________________ Examples: _______________________ _______________________ Examples: _______________________ _______________________ Ecology Reminder – Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with each other and their ___________________. But, environments are not always _________________. Environments can and do __________________ over time… Succession _______________ of one type of community with another over ________ Each _________________ changes the ________________ so that it is ______ ________________________________ Succession Vocab ___________ – the _______ organism to live in a new habitat Tend to be _________________________ plants that can survive in _________________________ Primary Succession Occurs where life has ______________ before Ex – receding ______________, _________________________, sand dunes Secondary Succession Occurs where there has been _________________________ Ex – ________________________, forest that has been cleared Can happen ________________(forest fire, earthquake, hurricane, tornado) or because of _________________(deforestation) Succession leads to… A _______________________________ What ______________ of ecosystem depends on the ___________________________________________ Secondary succession will often _________________ ___________________________________(a cleared deciduous forest will become a deciduous forest again) Example of Succession Early Species Characterize ________________________ (ages 0 - 50 years) _________________ and ___________________ are crucial early colonizers of coastal dunes They help ________________________________and _______________________________, trapping more sand and ____________________________________ Important characteristics: o _____________________________________ o _________________________________________ and rhizome systems (stabilization, nutrient/water acquisition) Middle Species Characterize ____________________________________ (55 -175 years old) The environment is still________ as ___________________________ levels are not very high ______________________ (common bearberry and juniper) and _______________________ (little bluestem) become the ______________________________ Important characteristics: o ___________________________________________________ o ___________________________ to water stress (evergreen leaves and/or deep roots) Late Species __________________________________________________ dunes 200 years old and older Common species: white and red pine, white spruce, balsam fir, white cedar, and paper birch Species are characterized by ________________________ and _____________________ __________________, but are _________________________ and can grow ______…shade Species are mostly still ___________________