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Transcript
RiseoftheRomanGenerals RomeaftertheGracchusBrothers • ThereformsbroughtinbyTiberiusandGaiusGracchushadchallengedthe_________________________powerof thepatricianclass • AftertheirdeathsRometeeteredontheedgeof______________ • ThereformeffortsoftheGracchiandtheoppositiongeneratedintheSenateconstitutedthefoundationof twopolitical________________,thePopularesandtheOptimates • Optimates–Latin:Bestones–werethedominategroupinthe________________andtriedtoupholdthe oligarchy(powerofthepatricians) • Populares–Latin:Populists–soughtpopularsupportagainstthedominateoligarchy,eitherinthe interestsofthe_________________(plebeians)themselvesorinfurtheranceoftheirownpersonalambitions • BothOptimatesandthePopularescouldbelongtoeitherthePatricianorPlebeian______________ GaiusMarius–157-86BCE • A____________________oftheequestrianclass • Wouldbecomeleaderofthe________________________ • Waselected________________seventimes(firsttermwasin107BCE,lastin86BCE) • Hisgreatestlegacywasthe_______________________oftheRomanMilitary GaiusMarius–MilitaryReforms MilitarybeforeMarius • Soldiershadbeen____________________ • Tilledtheirfields,sowedtheirgrain,wentofftowarwhen_____________________ • Campaigningseasonendedinthefallsosoldierscouldgohometogathertheir___________________________ • InMarius’timetherewerenotasmanysoldierswhoowned____________(mosthadbeentakenbyvarious patricians) MilitaryafterMarius • Mariuscreatedastandingarmy(permanent,_______________________soldiers) • Soldiersserved__________yearsthenanother4asaveteranus(reservesoldier) • Soldiersreceived________________pay,provisionoffood,andclothingallowances–allfromthegeneral • Afterhistermofservice,asoldierwouldreceivea_________________,agratuity(fixedsumofmoney),oraplot ofland–andhewasnowallowedtomarry 1 • Mariusalsocompletelyreformedthemilitary___________________ • Ratherthansimplybeingdividedintomandibles–thekindthatwerewipedoutattheBattleofCannaeby Hannibal–soldierswerenowdividedinto____________________ • 1legion(5400-6000men)=__________cohorts • 1cohort(480men)=_______centuries • 1stcohorthadadoublecomplementofsoldiers • 1century(80menwhowouldreporttoacenturion,theequivalentofasergeant)=_________contubernia • 1contubernia=________menwhowouldshareonetent GaiusMarius–Marius’Mules • Thearmor,weapons,andequipmentcarriedbythelegionaryweighed_______poundsormore • Anew__________________________emergedforthelegionaries–Marius’sMules GaiusMarius–MilitaryReforms • Thisnewmilitarystructurewithanewaquila(the____________insignia),begantodevelopafiercepridein belongingtoaparticularunit • Soldierswerenow_______________totheirgeneralandnottoRome • Thiswouldbethebeginningoftheendofthe______________________ LuciusCorneliusSulla–138-79BCE • Patricianleaderofthe_______________________ • Elected_______________in88BCE • MarchedhislegionsintothecityofRometostopthe_______________legislationofthePopulares(firsttimea RomanarmymarchedonRome) • Sulla______________________Marius(whowasawayfromRomewithhisownlegions)andheadedofftoAsia Minor(Turkey)totakechargeofthewarthere Sullavs.Marius • MariusreturnedtoRomein________________ • Outlawed_____________ • Ledafive-daybloodbathagainstthe______________________ • Mariuswould___________withintheyear • BynowRomewasdescendingintoutter____________ SullaReturns–82-79BCE • SullareturnedtoItalywithhis______________ • Proclaimed_________________bytheSenate • Executedhundredsofaristocratsassociatedwiththe____________________andconfiscatedtheirland – Ayoung_____________________,nephewtoMariusthroughmarriage,wouldbarelyescapethispurge 2 • Strengthenedthe_________________ • ________________standingarmiesinItaly–nogeneralwastoleadhisarmyoutoftheprovincestowardsRome withoutthepermissionoftheSenate – • thebarrierlinewasthe____________________River ___________________anddiedin79BCE ASlaveRevolt–73BCE • Sixyearslater,amidstthechaosthatwasreigninginRome,aslave–trainedasagladiator–wouldescape andstarta__________________ • Atitsheight,therebellionwouldreachover___________________menandwhathadstartedoutasaminor nuisancetothefragileRepublichadbecomeagravethreat Spartacus • Wasafreebornprovincialfrom_______________ • Servedasan_______________________intheRomanarmyinMacedonia • Desertedthearmy,wasoutlawed,captured,andsoldinto__________________ • TrainedatthegladiatorialschoolofBatiatusin______________ • 73BCE–Spartacusescapedwith______________gladiators,seizingtheknivesinthecook’sshopandawagon fullofweapons • CampedonMount_______________________wheretheywerejoinedbyotherruralslaves • Pillagedand___________________thesurroundingregion,althoughSpartacusreportedlytriedtorestrainthem • Spartacus’chiefaideswere___________________fromGaulnamedCrixusandOenomaus • Inresponsetothisperceivedminorthreat,theSenatesentaforceofabout3000raw_________________todeal withSpartacus • TheserecruitswereledbyapraetornamedClaudius_________________ • Glaberbelievedhehad________________SpartacusonVesuvius • Spartacusledhismendowntheothersideofthemountainusing____________ • FellontherearoftheRomansoldiersand_______________them • 72BCE–Spartacushadraisedanarmyofabout__________________slaves • Senatenowveryalarmedandsentthetwo________________,PublicolaandLentulus • Publicoladefeated_____________(whohadseparatedfromSpartacuswithaconsiderableforce) • SpartacusdefeatedLentulusandthenPublicolato_______________Crixus • Autumn72BCE–Spartacushadabout________________________followers • SenatevotedtograntimperiumtoMarcusLicinius_________________ • Crassuswasthe___________________maninRomebutalsofromtheplebeianclass • Crassusgiven__________newlegionsplusthe_________consularlegions 3 • SenatealsorecalledGnaeusPompeiusMagnus(________________theGreat)fromSpain • Romewasnowthrowingalltheforcesitcouldat_______________________ • Spartacuswouldcontinueto___________theoddsstackedagainsthimandwinmorebattlesbutthoseodds continuedtogrowlarger • ___________–SpartacuswasdefeatedbyCrassus’legionsinsouthernItaly • ItisbelievedSpartacusdiedinthisbattlebuthisbodywasnever________________ • 6000slavesweretakenprisonerbyCrassusand________________alongtheAppianWayfromCapuatoRome Crassus&Pompey • TensionexistedbetweenCrassusandPompeyinrelationtowhowasmost_____________inRome • AfterthedefeatofSpartacusin71BCE,Pompeywasawardeda_________________,mostlyfordefeatingrebels inSpain • Crassus–whohadpaidtheexpenseofdefeatingSpartacusandhadsavedRomefromtheslaverebellion– wasgivenonlyan“_________________”;theSenatesaidthatdefeatingslavesdidnotjustifyatriumph • Bothmenwereelected________________in70BCE,butCrassussoonbegantobelievethatPompeyhad “stolen”histriumph TheFirstTriumvirate • Theslaverevoltwasonlyonemore______________thatwaspullingtheRepublicapart • WithintenyearstheFirstTriumviratewasestablishedtobring_________________toRome • Thesethreemen,wouldbeCrassus,Pompey,andayoungpatriciannamedGaiusJulius____________________ JuliusCaesar • Crassusheadedeastwithhislegionsbutwasdefeatedandkilledbythe______________ • JuliusCaesarwouldbecomeincrediblywealthyasaresultofhisconquestsin___________–Caesarwasalso verypopularwiththepeopleasastaunchPopularesbuthadfewfriendsintheSenate • PompeyremainedinRomeandbecameafervent___________________ofsenatorialprivilegeandthusan Optimate • 50BCE–theSenate_____________________CaesargiveuphislegionsandpositionandreturntoRome • Caesar__________________andmarchedhislegionsintoItaly,crossingtheRubiconRiverandheadedforRome • PompeyandmostoftheSenatefledRome,___________________forthespeedofCaesar’smarc TheGreatRomanCivilWar • 49-45BCE–Caesarwould___________theOptimatesinItaly,Albania,Greece,Egypt,Africa,andSpain • Hisgreatestchallengewouldcomefrom___________________inGreecein48BCE BattleofPharsalus–48BCE • Caesarfoundhimself_________________andshortofprovisionsincentralGreece 4 • Pompey’sforcewasatleast_____________timesthesizeofCaesar’s • Ina__________________militaryachievementCaesarwasvictorious • Thoughthestrugglewouldcontinueforthreemoreyears–thiswasthe______________battleoftheGreat RomanCivilWar • Pompeyfledto______________withCaesarinpursuit JuliusCaesarinEgypt • UponreachingEgyptCaesardiscoveredthattheEgyptianshad___________________Pompey • Caesarwas________________–whetherthiswasgenuineemotionorpoliticaltheaterremainsamystery • CaesarthenbecameinvolvedintheEgyptianCivilWarandplaced__________________onthethroneofEgypt– fatheringachildwithherintheprocess JuliusCaesar • 46BCE–Caesar,asthelastremainingmemberoftheTriumvirate,hadhimselfappointeddictatorfor _______________________ • 45BCE–hisappointmentwasextendedtolifealongwithbeingmadePontifixMaximus– _______________________ • Caesarwasnow______________________likeakinginarepublicthatdespisedkings • March15,44BCE–theIdesofMarch–Brutus,Cassius,andothersenateconspiratorsstabbedCaesarto deathinanattempttodefend_____________________ • Caesar,asastrongPopulares,hadbeenincrediblypopularwiththepeopleofRomeandtherewas ___________________inthecity • Romewouldbeplungedbackintoanother__________________betweenthosewhohadsupportedCaesarand thosewhohadopposedhim • Theassassinswereforcedto___________Rome TheSecondTriumvirate • TheSecondTriumvirate,afterfightingeachotherforcontrolofRome,would____________________fightthe conspiratorswhohadkilledCaesar–thethreemenwouldbe: • – MarkAntony–cousin,loyalsupporterandpowerful_________________inCaesar’sarmies – Octavian–Caesar’sgrand-nephewwhohadbeennamedCaesar’s____________ – Lepidus–alacklustergeneralwhowaseasily__________________bytheothertwo TheSecondTriumviratewoulddefeatthemainconspirators,BrutusandCassius,inMacedoniaattheBattle of_________________–October42BCE • AfterthisvictorytheSecondTriumviratewasleftto_________theRomanworld: – Octavianin___________andthe_____________ 5 • – Lepidusin____________andNorthAfrica – MarkAntonyinEgyptandthe______________ ManyprominentRomanswereputtodeathfollowingthe___________________________(publicidentificationand officialcondemnationofenemiesofthestate)oftheSecondTriumvirateasthethreementightenedtheir holdonpower – Themostfamouswas________________,philosopher,politician,lawyer–andwidelyconsideredoneof Rome’sgreatestorators AntonyandCleopatra • • Withintenyears: – Lepidus_______________frompower – OctavianandAntonywentto___________ WhileinEgyptAntonyhad________________________withtheEgyptianpharaohCleopatraandthetwohad dividedtheEastbetweenthemselvesandtheirchildren • Romealsoneeded________________fromEgypt,whichAntonyandCleopatraheldback BattleofActium • _____________–OctaviandefeatedthecombinedforcesofAntonyandCleopatrainanavalengagementthat endedtheirwar • AntonyandCleopatraretreatedtoAlexandria,Egyptwherebothwouldcommit____________________ OctavianbecomesAugustusCaesar • OctavianwasleftmasteroftheRoman__________________ • Hewould‘_________________’powertotheSenate • Thiswasforshow–Octavianstillcontrolledthe________________ • TheSenategavehimthe__________________________titleAugustus • Octavian(nowAugustus)wouldmanipulatepoliticskeepinghimselfin_______________ AugustusCaesar • AugustuswouldruleRomefortherestofhislife–hewouldbeRome’sfirst__________________ • RomehadanageofpeacebegununderAugustusthatwouldcometobeknownasthe_________________________ –Romanpeace • TheRomanEmpirewouldreachnewheightsofpowerand_________________ • DuringhistimeasEmperor,AugustuswasconstantlyworkingtoimprovetheRomanworldthrough ______________________andimportantreforms • Augustuswasreportedtohavesaid“IfoundRomebrickandlefther_________________” • Augustusruledfrom___________________________ 6
