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C8 Practice Test
Name: ___________________________________ Date: ______________
1. Speed-reading complex material yields little long-term retention because it inhibits
A) the serial position effect.
B) retroactive interference.
C) the next-in-line effect.
D) proactive interference.
E) rehearsal.
2. After hearing stories of things they both had and had not actually experienced with “Mr.
Science,” preschool children spontaneously recalled him doing things that were only
mentioned in the stories. This best illustrates
A) the self-reference effect.
B) mood-congruent memory.
C) proactive interference.
D) implicit memory.
E) source amnesia.
3. Donald Thompson, an Australian psychologist, was an initial suspect in a rape case. The
rape victim confused her memories of Thompson and the actual rapist because she had seen
Thompson's image on TV shortly before she was attacked. The victim's false recollection
best illustrates
A) state-dependent memory.
B) mood-congruent memory.
C) the spacing effect.
D) source amnesia.
E) the next-in-line effect.
4. Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it difficult to
recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates
A) retroactive interference.
B) the next-in-line effect.
C) source amnesia.
D) proactive interference.
E) repression.
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5. Many of the experimental participants who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic
accident were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken
glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated
A) proactive interference.
B) the self-reference effect.
C) the spacing effect.
D) the misinformation effect.
E) state-dependent memory.
6. Research participants who were exposed to very convincing arguments about the
desirability of frequent toothbrushing misrecalled how frequently they had brushed their
teeth in the preceding two weeks. This best illustrates
A) the self-reference effect.
B) proactive interference.
C) motivated forgetting.
D) the spacing effect.
E) semantic encoding.
7. After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember
where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates
A) the spacing effect.
B) proactive interference.
C) the serial position effect.
D) motivated forgetting.
E) state-dependent memory.
8. When memory researcher Elizabeth Loftus was an adolescent, her uncle incorrectly insisted
that as a child she had found her own mother's drowned body. Loftus herself later falsely
recollected finding the body. This best illustrates
A) proactive interference.
B) implicit memory.
C) the self-reference effect.
D) the misinformation effect.
E) mood-congruent memory.
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9. Psychologists on both sides of the controversy regarding reports of repressed and recovered
memories of childhood sexual abuse agree that
A) the accumulated experiences of our lives are all preserved somewhere in our minds.
B) repression is the most common mechanism underlying the failure to recall early
childhood sexual abuse.
C) we commonly recover memories of long-forgotten negative as well as positive events.
D) the more stressful an experience is, the more quickly it will be consciously forgotten.
E) professional therapists can reliably distinguish between their clients' true and false
childhood memories.
10. The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called
A) state-dependent memory.
B) retroactive interference.
C) the serial position effect.
D) the spacing effect.
E) proactive interference.
11. In one study, children were periodically asked whether they remembered going to the
hospital with a mousetrap on their finger. This experiment best illustrated the dynamics of
A) memory construction.
B) long-term potentiation.
C) flashbulb memory.
D) sensory memory.
E) mood-congruent memory.
12. Our schemas often influence the form in which information is retrieved from long-term
memory. This fact is most relevant to appreciating the importance of
A) long-term potentiation.
B) automatic processing.
C) memory construction.
D) the spacing effect.
E) visual encoding.
13. When Jake applied for a driver's license, he was embarrassed by a momentary inability to
remember his address. Jake's memory difficulty most likely resulted from a(n) ________
failure.
A) rehearsal
B) storage
C) encoding
D) retrieval
E) automatic processing
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14. As a child, Andre dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many years
later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Andre's false
recollection best illustrates
A) the self-reference effect.
B) mood-congruent memory.
C) proactive interference.
D) implicit memory.
E) source amnesia.
15. Whenever he feels sexually jealous, David is flooded with painful recollections of the rare
occasions in which he had observed his girlfriend flirting with other men. David's experience
best illustrates
A) source misattribution.
B) retroactive interference.
C) mood-congruent memory.
D) the misinformation effect.
E) repression.
16. After having seen many pictures of the Lincoln Monument during his lifetime, Mr. Adams
mistakenly recalled that he had actually visited the site. This best illustrates
A) source amnesia.
B) proactive interference.
C) implicit memory.
D) the self-reference effect.
E) flashbulb memory.
17. Adults who have trouble remembering incidences of childhood sexual abuse have often been
led by therapists to believe that their memory difficulties are due to
A) memory storage failure.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) memory encoding failure.
D) proactive interference.
E) repression.
18. Rehearsal is to encoding as retrieval cues are to
A) chunking.
B) relearning.
C) priming.
D) repression.
E) the spacing effect.
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19. The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early
childhood. The aroma apparently acted as a powerful
A) echoic memory.
B) retrieval cue.
C) implicit memory.
D) spacing effect.
E) mnemonic.
20. The discovery that words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land
best illustrates the value of
A) the method of loci.
B) echoic memory.
C) the spacing effect.
D) retrieval cues.
E) implicit memory.
21. By presenting research participants with three rows of three letters each for only a fraction
of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have ________ memory.
A) echoic
B) flashbulb
C) state-dependent
D) iconic
E) implicit
22. Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________.
A) short-term memory; long-term memory
B) explicit memory; implicit memory
C) visual stimulation; auditory stimulation
D) automatic processing; effortful processing
E) flashbulb memory; implicit memory
23. Which of the following offers the best explanation for infantile amnesia?
A) The hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature.
B) The emotional reactivity of infants inhibits the process of encoding.
C) The accumulation of life experiences disrupts the retrieval of early life events.
D) Iconic memories last for less than a second in infants.
E) Birth trauma prevents explicit encoding.
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24. For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared, Ileana retained a vivid mental
image of its ragged edges. Her experience most clearly illustrates the nature of _______
memory.
A) iconic
B) flashbulb
C) recall
D) explicit
E) implicit
25. The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as
A) chunking.
B) the next-in-line effect.
C) automatic processing.
D) long-term potentiation.
E) proactive interference.
26. Your ability to immediately recognize the voice over the phone as your mother's illustrates
the value of
A) the spacing effect.
B) implicit memory.
C) acoustic encoding.
D) chunking.
E) state-dependent memory.
27. As an aid to memorizing lengthy speeches, ancient Greek orators would visualize
themselves moving through familiar locations. They were making use of
A) the serial position effect.
B) the next-in-line effect.
C) implicit memory.
D) the method of loci.
E) the spacing effect.
28. The use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the
value of
A) imagery.
B) chunking.
C) the spacing effect.
D) the serial position effect.
E) the method of loci.
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29. The method of loci is to imagery as acronyms are to
A) priming.
B) rehearsal.
C) chunking.
D) recency.
E) spacing.
30. After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough
to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ________
memory.
A) echoic
B) short-term
C) flashbulb
D) long-term
E) implicit
31. A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory.
A) iconic
B) implicit
C) echoic
D) long-term
E) short-term
32. By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger
framework of major topics and subtopics, Jasmine can remember much more of what she
reads in her college textbooks. This best illustrates the benefits of
A) hierarchical organization.
B) the method of loci.
C) the serial position effect.
D) automatic processing.
E) the spacing effect.
33. During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term “proactive
interference.” Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on
the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental
information is best explained in terms of
A) automatic processing.
B) the serial position effect.
C) the spacing effect.
D) the method of loci.
E) the next-in-line effect.
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34. On the telephone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home
from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to write down the items.
She is most likely to forget the items
A) at the beginning of the list.
B) at the end of the list.
C) in the middle of the list.
D) at the beginning and in the middle of the list.
E) at the middle and the end of the list.
35. The self-reference effect best illustrates the value of
A) semantic encoding.
B) source amnesia.
C) iconic memory.
D) flashbulb memory.
E) repression.
36. The organization of information into meaningful units is called
A) automatic processing.
B) the spacing effect.
C) chunking.
D) the method of loci.
E) the “peg-word” system.
37. The letters Y, M, O, M, R, E are presented. Jill remembers them by rearranging them to
spell the word “MEMORY.” This provides an illustration of
A) chunking.
B) the “peg-word” system.
C) automatic processing.
D) the spacing effect.
E) the method of loci.
38. During the course of a day, people may unconsciously encode the sequence of the day's
events. This best illustrates
A) the spacing effect.
B) automatic processing.
C) rosy retrospection.
D) echoic memory.
E) short term memory.
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39. Craik and Tulving experimentally demonstrated that people effectively remember seeing a
specific word after they decide whether that word fits into an incomplete sentence. This
research highlighted the effectiveness of
A) the method of loci.
B) the “peg-word” system.
C) automatic processing.
D) semantic encoding.
E) the next-in-line effect.
40. Memory is best defined as
A) the conscious encoding of information.
B) stored knowledge that has been semantically encoded.
C) the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information.
D) the retrieval of stored information in precisely the same form in which it was encoded.
E) recalling and retrieving information stored in the cerebral cortex.
41. The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was
A) Skinner.
B) Pavlov.
C) Watson.
D) Bandura.
E) Garcia.
42. Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food
illustrate
A) shaping.
B) extrinsic motivation.
C) classical conditioning.
D) observational learning.
E) negative reinforcement.
43. After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit.
This best illustrates the process of
A) secondary reinforcement.
B) generalization.
C) shaping.
D) latent learning.
E) spontaneous recovery.
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44. The green-colored ham and eggs had such a strange appearance that they tasted terrible to
Sam. This illustrates the importance of
A) difference thresholds.
B) sensory adaptation.
C) equilibrium.
D) sensory interaction.
E) accommodation.
45. The volley principle is most directly relevant to our perception of
A) temperature.
B) color.
C) brightness.
D) pain.
E) pitch.
46. Objects are brought into focus on the retina by changes in the curve and thickness of the
A) rods and cones.
B) lens.
C) bipolar cells.
D) optic nerve.
E) cornea.
47. Research on the elderly has shown that
A) they grow increasingly fearful of death.
B) they become increasingly prone to car accidents.
C) most eventually develop dementia.
D) they experience less life satisfaction than younger adults.
E) they become more susceptible to short-term illnesses.
48. Identical twins with similar values and preferences are not very strongly attracted to one
another's fiancés. This fact has been used to suggest that romantic attraction is influenced
by
A) fluid intelligence.
B) the social clock.
C) secondary sex characteristics.
D) chance encounters.
E) basic trust.
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49. Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas is called
A) egocentrism.
B) assimilation.
C) imprinting.
D) attachment.
E) accommodation.
50. Professor Smith emphasizes that gender similarities and differences are products of a
continuous interplay among genetically predisposed traits, culturally shaped roles, and
personally constructed expectations and assumptions. The professor's emphasis best
illustrates
A) collectivism.
B) individualism.
C) natural selection.
D) a biopsychosocial approach.
E) gender-typing.
51. As members of the human family, we all share a common
A) value system.
B) personal space.
C) gender schema.
D) biological heritage.
E) gender role.
52. A child's temperament is likely to be
A) difficult to observe.
B) stable over time.
C) a product of parenting style.
D) a reflection of his or her gender schema.
E) different as an infant than as a teenager.
53. Deep sleep appears to play an important role in
A) narcolepsy.
B) sleep apnea.
C) paradoxical sleep.
D) posthypnotic amnesia.
E) physical growth.
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54. Sleeptalking may occur during
A) Stage 1 sleep.
B) Stage 2 sleep.
C) REM sleep.
D) Stage 4 sleep.
E) any stage of sleep.
55. Sir Charles Sherrington observed that impulses took more time to travel a neural pathway
than he might have anticipated. His observation provided evidence for the existence of
A) association areas.
B) glial cells.
C) synaptic gaps.
D) interneurons.
E) neural networks.
56. Information travels from the spinal cord to the brain via
A) interneurons.
B) the circulatory system.
C) sensory neurons.
D) the sympathetic nervous system.
E) the endocrine system.
57. The IQ scores of the five members of the Duluth family are 100, 82, 104, 96, and 118. For
this distribution of scores, the range is
A) 6.
B) 14.
C) 36.
D) 48.
E) 100.
58. The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution is the
A) mean.
B) range.
C) median.
D) standard deviation.
E) correlation coefficient.
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59. Mark believes that people are genetically predisposed to dislike bitter-tasting foods because
this has enhanced human survival. His belief best illustrates the ________ perspective.
A) psychodynamic
B) social-cultural
C) evolutionary
D) behavioral
E) cognitive
60. The survival of organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as
A) functionalism.
B) natural selection.
C) behavior genetics.
D) structuralism.
E) introspection.
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Answer Key - c8 practice test
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