Download Review Sheet: The Digestive System

Review Sheet: The Digestive System
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Know the diagram of the digestive system.
Explain the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion. Where in the digestive system does each occur?
What is homeostasis?
What is ingestion? Where does it occur?
What are the 4 steps of digestion?
Describe the process of swallowing. Include the words: teeth, salivary glands, tongue, bolus, pharynx, epiglottis and
esophagus in your description.
7. What are the functions of saliva?
8. How many pairs of salivary glands are there?
9. Give the enzymatic reaction (substrate, enzyme and product) that result in the oral cavity. What is the optimum pH for this
enzyme?
10. What is the pharynx? Name the two tubes that are located there.
11. What is the epiglottis? Name its function.
12. What is peristalsis?
13. What is a sphincter? Name the sphincter that prevents food from going back into the esophagus. Name the sphincter that
prevents food from going back into the stomach from the small intestine.
14. What is gastric juice? Name the 3 substances that are secreted in the stomach.
15. What is the optimum pH of pepsin?
16. Why is pepsin secreted as pepsinogen from the stomach wall?
17. What is the function of the mucous layer that lines the stomach?
18. What is the name of the semi liquid mass in the stomach?
19. a) What is the liver?
b) Explain the functions of the liver.
c) Explain 2 disorders associated with the liver.
d) What are gall stones?
20. What is the function of the gall bladder?
21. Name the 2 main functions of the pancreas.
22. Explain the function of insulin and glucagon.
23. What is the duodenum?
24. What is bile? Why is bile not considered to be an enzyme? What is meant by emulsification?
25. What is pancreatic juice?
26. What is intestinal juice?
27. Give the enzymatic reactions that occur in the small intestine. What is the optimum pH for these enzymes?
28. How is stomach acid buffered in the small intestine?
29. What is absorption? How is the small intestine specialized for absorption? What is absorbed here?
30. Explain how surface area is increased in the digestive system.
31. Draw a villus and explain the function of its parts.
32. Describe the role of E. coli in the colon.
33. Contrast endocrine and exocrine glands. Give an example from the digestive system.
34. What is primarily absorbed in the colon?
35. Explain two problems that can be associated with elimination.
36. Explain the complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and fats as they pass through the digestive
system.
37. Which of the following is considered an accessory organ in the digestive system?
a) pharynx b) esophagus c) stomach d) pancreas
38. In the body, glucose is stored in the liver as
a) starch b) protein c) glycogen d) glucagons e) amino acids
39. Liver does NOT function in the production of
a) bile b) digestive enzymes c) blood proteins d) glycogen
40. The hepatic portal vein is located between
a) the hepatic vein and the vena cava b) the mouth and the stomach c) the pancreas and the small intestine d) the small
intestine and the liver
41. What is the role of HCl in the stomach?
a) symptom of a digestive disorder b) only to cause stomach ulcers c) digestive enzymes to hydrolyze fats d)aids in the
digestion of starch e)activates a digestive enzyme, pepsin
42. Name the structure and organ that has microvilli, maltase, and absorbs nutrients.
a) villus, large intestine b) villus, small intestine c) villus, stomach d) folds, stomach e) pyloric sphincter, appendix
43. In mammals, fats are absorbed
a) in the large intestine b) in the stomach c) into the blood capillaries d) into the lacteal e) none of the above are correct
44. At body temperature, which of these combinations is most likely to result in digestion?
a) protein, water, pepsin b) protein, HCl, pepsin c) protein, bile, pepsin d) protein, sodium bicarbonate, pepsin
45. At body temperature, which of these combinations is most likely to result in digestion?
a) fat, bile, sodium bicarbonate, lipase
b) fat, bile, sodium bicarbonate, pepsin c) fat, HCl, maltase d)fat, bile, HCl, sodium
bicarbonate, trypsin
46. Which of the following human digestive enzymes is incorrectly matched to its substrate?
a) pepsin – protein b) trypsin- nucleic acid c) salivary amylase – starch d) lipase – fat e)maltase-maltose
47. Which organ in the human body produces maltase and peptidases?
a) mouth b) esophagus c) stomach d) small intestine e) large intestine
Use the following information to answer the next 4 questions
a) protein pepsin peptides
b) starch amylase maltose
c) maltose maltase glucose
d) fat
lipase fatty acids + glycerol
48. Which reaction above is aided by a pH of about 2- 3?
a) a b) b c) c d) d e) none
49. Which reaction above occurs in both the mouth and duodenum
a) a and c b) a
c) d d) c and d e) b
50. In the reactions above, in order for reaction “d” to proceed efficiently
a) the pH must be at least 2 b) pancreatic juice must be secreted c) bile must be present d) HCl must be present e)
pancreatic juice must be secreted and bile must be present
51. In the reactions above, reaction “a” occurs in the
a) stomach b) oral cavity c) large intestine d) small intestine e) esophagus
52. Protein digestion is confined to the
a) mouth, stomach, small intestine
b) stomach, small intestine c) stomach, esophagus, small intestine d)mouth, large
intestine e) small intestine, large intestine, mouth
53. The fingerlike projections along the surface on the small intestine are called
a) mucosa b) lacteals c) capillaries d) villi e) appendix
54. Microvilli form a brush border on the cells of the
a) esophagus b) stomach c) duodenum d) tongue e) pharynx
55. Which of these organs has food for the least time and participates least in digestion?
a) mouth b) esophagus c) stomach d) small intestine e) large intestine
56. The main function of the esophagus is to
a) digest proteins b) digest carbohydrates c) transport food from the small intestine to the large intestine d)transport food
from the mouth to the stomach e) transport food from the stomach to the large intestine
57. A correct function of the human stomach is
a) to produce highly basic fluids to kill most bacteria
b) to begin the absorption of most small food molecules, especially sugars and alcohol
c) storage of food and mixing with digestive fluids to begin chemical digestion
d) promotion of bacterial fermentation
e) absorption of iron to build hemoglobin for red blood cells
58. The ___ functions to store food, kill bacteria, and partially digest protein
a) mouth b) esophagus c) stomach d) small intestine
e) large intestine
59. Food and liquid is prevented from entering the trachea by the
a) pharynx b) larynx c) epiglottis d) glottis e) sphincter muscle
Use the following diagram to answer the next 6 questions.
60. Which structure above stores food, has limited digestion, and secretes HCl?
61. In the diagram, which structure is the primary site for digestion and absorption of food?
62. In the diagram, the esophagus is designated by the letter_____
63. Into which structure does food pass but no digestion takes place?
64. In the diagram, the food material that is absorbed will first enter which organ?
65. In the diagram which structure is the liver?
66. The digestive system functions in the
a) chemical breakdown of food b) mechanical breakdown of food c) elimination of waste products
d) absorption of food molecules e) all of the above
67. Which of the following is NOT a function of the digestive system?
a) ingestion of food b) digestion of food c) absorption of food d) elimination of digestible wastes e)elimination of non
digestible wastes
68. Muscles that encircle tubes and act as valves are called
a) constrictors b) dilators c) sphincters d) lacteals e) mucosa
69. The duodenum is the site for
a) a duct from the liver that introduces bile b) a pancreatic duct that introduces basic fluids to neutralize the stomach acid
c) highly acidic stomach contents d) all of the above
70. Water is absorbed primarily by the
a) colon b) duodenum c) liver d) esophagus
71. Fat absorption differs from other foods because its breakdown products are
a) formed in the large intestine b) absorbed directly into the blood c) absorbed into the lacteal
d)absorbed only when glucose is not present
72. Villi serve to
a) absorb nutrients b) secrete bile c) produce antibodies d) synthesize vitamins
Match the words/description on the right with the terms on the left. There may be several answers for each term.
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Bolus ____________________________
Epiglottis_________________________
Esophagus _______________________
Sphincter relaxed __________________
Sphincter contracted _______________
Stomach ________________________
Mechanical digestion _______________
Peristalsis________________________
Gastric glands ____________________
Duodenum ______________________
Small Intestine____________________
Villi ____________________________
Intestinal villi cells _________________
A. extends from pharynx to the stomach
B. increased surface area
C. gastric pits
D. chyme
E. pepsin, HCl, and mucous
F gastric juice
G. chewing
H. churning
I stores food
J continuous with esophagus and duodenum
K closed
L open
M swallowing
N mixed with saliva
O tongue
P flap of tissue to cover trachea