Download Q: What is the function of the skeleton A: the internal skeleton of

Q: What is the function of the
skeleton
A: the internal skeleton of
vertebrates is needed for support
and movement
Q: Why are ligaments elastic?
A: to stabilise joints while allowing
movement
Q: What is the function of
tendons?
A: to transmit the forces between
muscle and bones
Q: What the function of the
smooth layer of cartilage and
synovial fluid in a joint?
A: to reduce friction between
bones
Q: What are ligaments connected
to?
A: Connect bones to bone
Q: Why are tendons inelastic?
A: so no energy is lost when the
muscle contracts to pull the bone
Q: What are opposing pairs of
muscles called?
Q: How can a persons fitness be
measured using heart rate
A: antagonistic
A: have the person exercise. The
faster it returns to resting heart
rate the fitter the person
Q: State the BMI equation
A: BMI = body mass (kg)
height (m)2
Q: Name common injuries that
can be caused by excessive
exercise
A: sprains, dislocations, and torn
ligaments or tendons
Q: What is the basic treatment for
a sprain?
Q: What is the role of the
physiotherapist ?
A: RICE Rest, ice, compress,
elevate
A: to aid recovery in the treatment
of skeletal-muscular injury
Q: What is meant by the double
circulatory system?
Q: What is the function of the
blood?
A: the blood passes through the
heart twice on one circuit of the
body
A: To carry glucose and oxygen to
the muscles and waste products
such as carbon dioxide and urea
away.
Q: What is the function of red
blood cells?
Q: What is the symptoms for low
red blood cell count?
A: to transport oxygen around the
body
A: Pallid complexation, lack of
energy, lethargic
Q: What is the function of white
blood cells?
Q: What are the symptoms for low
white blood cell count
A: to fight infection
A: frequent illness or infection
Q: What is the function of the
platelets?
Q: Name common injuries that
can be caused by excessive
exercise
A: blood clotting at injury sites
A: sprains, dislocations, and torn
ligaments or tendons
Q: What is the function f the
plasma?
A: transporting nutrients (e.g.
glucose and amino acids),
antibodies, hormones
and waste (carbon dioxide and
urea)
Q: Name 3 ways that red blood cells
are adapted to their function?
A :a. packed with haemoglobin (to bind
oxygen)
b. no nucleus (more space for haemoglobin)
c. biconcave shape (increased surface area
for oxygen exchange)
Q: Describe the function of the
valves in the heart and vein
Q: How does the body detect
external temperature?
A: stop the blood flowing
backward (only one direction)
A: temperature receptors in the
skin detect external temperature
Q: How does the body detect
blood temperature?
Q: What the function of the
hypothalamus?
A: that the brain (hypothalamus) acts as
A: temperature receptors in the
brain (hypothalamus) detect the
temperature of the blood
a processing centre, receiving
information from the temperature
receptors, and sending instructions to
trigger the effectors automatically
Q: Name two homeostatic ways to
warm up?
Q: Name two homeostatic ways to
cool down?
A: Vasoconstriction, muscles
shivering,, hairs stand up
A: vasodilation, sweating, hairs lye
flat
Q: Explain how sweating cools
down the body?
A: produced by sweat glands
which cools the body when it
evaporates taking the heat energy
away from the skin
Q: Explain how too much sweating
can harm the body
A: exercise produces increased
sweating, and can produce
dehydration, which may
lead to reduced sweating and further
increase of core body temperature
Q: What effect does simple sugars
have on the blood sugar levels ?
A: Rise quickly
Q: How is type 2 diabetes caused?
A: the body no longer responds to
its own insulin or does not make
enough insulin
Q: How can you control type 2
diabetes?
A: controlled diet and exercise
Q: explain how complex
carbohydrates can help to
maintain a constant
blood sugar level?
A: the enzymes take longer to
break them down into simple
sugar, slows absorption
Q: name examples of waste
products in natural ecosystems.
A: oxygen (from photosynthesis),
carbon dioxide (from respiration),
and dead organic matter such as
fallen petals, leaves and fruits, and
faeces
Q: How is type 1 diabetes caused?
A : damage to the insulin producing
cells in the pancreases
Q: How can you control type 1
diabetes?
A: injections of insulin
Q: explain how a diet high in fibre
can help to maintain a constant
blood sugar level?
A: Fibre slows down the
absorption of sugar in the stomach
and intestines
Q: Define a perfect closed loop
system?
A: perfect closed loop system is a
system that has no waste because
the output from one part of the
system becomes the input to
another part
Q: Explain how dead organic
material and faeces are recycled.
A: Broken down by digestive enzymes
of microorganisms
Q: Why can no ecosystem is a
perfect closed loop system?
Q: Why are rainforests considered
stable ecosystems?
A: since some output is always
lost, e.g. migration of organisms
and loss of nutrients transferred
by air or water
A :The output (losses) is balanced by
gains
Q: Why do plants and some
animals produce large quantities
of sex cells and young?
Q: What effect does the vegetation
in the rainforest have on the soil?
A: Enhances chances of survival as
most of these will be ingested by
other organisms
Q: Explain how bioaccumulation
works?
A: Toxins build up in each trophic
level, increasing until it is at its
maximum in the top trophic level
Q: explain how complex
carbohydrates can help to
maintain a constant
blood sugar level?
A: the enzymes take longer to
break them down into simple
sugar, slows absorption
Q: name examples of waste
products in natural ecosystems.
A: oxygen (from photosynthesis),
carbon dioxide (from respiration),
and dead organic matter such as
fallen petals, leaves and fruits, and
faeces
A: reduces soil erosion since foliage
protects the soil from direct rainfall
and roots help to bind the soil
together
Q: Explain eutrophication?
A: Nitrates enter water ways
Algae bloom from the excess nitrates
Light is blocked out, killing the plants
Algae die and bacteria digest them
Bacteria remove the oxygen when
digesting the algae.
Oxygen level too low to sustain life
Q: Define a perfect closed loop
system?
A: perfect closed loop system is a
system that has no waste because
the output from one part of the
system becomes the input to
another part
Q: Explain how dead organic
material and faeces are recycled.
A: Broken down by digestive enzymes
of microorganisms
Q: Explain why timber farming
damages ecosystems?
A: Removing the wood removes
the nutrients in the area. Less
nutrients for the trees to grow.
Q: Explain how humans can make
resources sustainable?
A: humans can only be sustainable
if used at a rate at which they can
be replaced
Q: Name three impacts of replacing
vegetation in natural ecosystems
with agricultural crops and
livestock,?
A :loss of biodiversity, silting of
rivers, desertificatin
Q: Why does crude oil does not
fulfil the requirements of a closed
loop system?
A: crude oil takes millions of years to form
from the decay of dead organisms.
Energy released from burning crude oil
originated from the Sun when these organisms
were alive (‘fossil sunlight energy’)
Q: Name solutions to allow
sustainable harvesting of natural
resources such as
timber and fish?
Q: recall the features of bacteria that
make them ideal for industrial and
genetic processes
A: a. rapid reproduction
A: use of quotas and
restocking/replanting
b. presence of plasmids
c. simple biochemistry
d. ability to make complex molecules
e. lack of ethical concerns in their culture
Q: recall the main steps in genetic
modification)?
A:
a. isolating and replicating the required gene
b. putting the gene into a suitable vector
(virus or plasmid)
c. using the vector to insert the gene into a
new cell
d. selecting the modified individuals
Q: explain the use of DNA
technology in genetic testing.
A: a. isolation of a DNA sample from white blood cells
b. production of a gene probe labelled with a fluorescent
chemical
c. addition of the labelled gene probe (marker) to the DNA
sample
d. use of UV to detect the marker and therefore indicate
the position of the gene or
the presence of a specific allele in the DNA sample
Q:State two examples of the
application of genetic
modification?
A:
a. bacterial synthesis of medicines,
for example insulin
b. herbicide resistance in crop plants
Q: applications of stem cell
technology in tissue and organ
culture.
A: treatment of leukaemia and
the potential to treat spinal cord
injuries