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APES 12.13 Please turn in your human population FRQ and demographic transition activity (the cut and paste one) Find a pen/pencil (no scantron today) Done Early? • Grab a book and check your answers on Module 24 • Re-read pages 264-267 in preparation for the lab Module 24 Multiple Choice 1. A – earth’s core is mostly Iron and Nickel 2. C- subduction is one plate passing under another 3. B- Hawaii was formed at a hot spot (a weakness in the pacific ocean plate where magma was allowed to leak out) 4. B- see whiteboard 5. E- metamorphic rock is formed at high temp/pressure 6. C- earthquakes occur mostly at transform boundaries Homework (Changed!) • Take notes on the slides after this (7-33) • Watch all of the short simulations • Record 3 questions you have This will be checked off like a homework assignment- can type or hand-write. • How do we know that the earth’s crust (lithosphere) is split into plates that either move towards, away, or laterally against each other? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ph7Eczs -nTI Earth Science AP Outline: I. Earth Systems and Resources (10-15%) A. Earth Science Concepts (Geologic time scale; plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanism; seasons; solar intensity and latitude) B. The Atmosphere (Ch. 4) C. Global Water Resources/Use (after break) D. Soil and Soil Dynamics (later this week) What’s Inside the Earth? Earth Profile by Texture LITHOSPHERE • Hard & brittle • Earth’s Crust +Uppermost mantle • “Plates” ASTHENOSPHERE • Highly Viscous • 2nd Upper-most mantle • Convection current that carries the plates Ocean and Continental Crust OCEAN crust • Denser • Thinner • Eventually subducted • Relatively young CONTINENTAL crust • Less dense • Thicker • Rarely/never subducted • Oldest crust on Earth Theory of Continental Drift • Continents were formed from the drifting apart of one super continent Pangaea • http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0806/es0806page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization • Found evidence of similar fossils and geological formations on different continents • The shape of continents also seemed to “fit” together Fossil & Geologic Evidence Big flaw with theory: How did the continents actually move? Theory of Plate Tectonics • Outer “shell” of Earth is broken into plates (lithosphere) • Plates are carried by convection cells in asthenosphere • Moving plates collide, diverge, or slide by each other • Explained Alfred Wegener’s Theory of Continental Drift Convection cells in asthenosphere (upper mantle) cause sea floor spreading Convergent Boundaries 1. Continental/Oceanic • Denser ocean crust is subducted under. • Deep trench, strong earthquakes • Energy of subduction often creates volcanic mountain range on continent http://education.sdsc.edu/optiputer/flash/subduction_5.htm • Examples: Andes Mts. Cascade Mts. • http://www.publicbroadcasting.net/kplu/news.newsmain?action=article&ARTICLE_ID=1402653§ionID=13 Convergent Boundaries 2. Oceanic/Oceanic http://education .sdsc.edu/optip uter/flash/conv ergance2.htm • Slower plate is subducted (pulled under) • Outcome = volcanic islands, strong earthquakes, tsunamis, deep trenches • Ex: Aleutian islands (Alaska), Hawaiian Islands, Japan, Southeast Asia Hot Spots • Magma flows from a weak spot/vent in the crust creating a volcano • Crust above the vent is moving • Forms a chain of land that varies in age down the chain (i.e. Hawaii) • Why is Nihau the oldest Hawaiian Island? Hawaii the youngest? • What island still has active volcanoes? In a hundred years will it still have an active volcano? Why or why not? Types of Volcanoes • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdhARb2PGqA • Composite = Alt. layers of lava flows, ash, and cinder • Infrequent but explosive eruptions • Usually large and conical • Occur along subduction zones Ex: Mt Hood, Mt. Rainier, Mt Shasta Cinder Cones • Built above a vent from lava fragments called “cinders” ejecting from the vent • Steep, small eruptions • Very common, form in groups or on the edges of shield volcanoes Craters of the Moon National Monument in Idaho Shield Volcano • Built by large, non-explosive lava flows • Gently sloping • Formed at hot spots, sea floor spreading, and occasionally subduction zones • Ex: Big IslandMauna Loa, Mauna Kea, Kilaeua Convergent Boundaries 3. Continental/Continental • Continental Crust is light, so no subduction • Instead, piles of crumpled, folded crust = tall mountains • Examples: Himalayan Mts., Appalachian Mts., Alps Himalayan Formation http://www.edumedia-sciences.com/en/a823-formation-ofthe-himalayas Divergent Boundary • Normal Fault • Mostly below the ocean • Sea Floor Spreading - Forms new crust • http://education.sdsc.edu/optiputer/flash/seafloorspread.htm • Example: Mid Atlantic Ridge, Rift Valley in Africa Great Rift Valley- Africa Age of Seafloor Transform Plate Boundaries • 2 plates sliding in opposite directions • E.g. San Andreas Fault • http://education.sdsc.edu/optiputer/flash/SanAndreas.htm Faults • Fractures in crust • Occur along plate boundaries, but occasionally occur in the middle of a plate • Rigidity of crust builds up tension; eventually slippage occurs to release tension this is an earthquake What causes the seasons? • Earth’s Tilt: 23.5 degrees. • The rotation of the earth around the sun. • Direct sunlight vs. Indirect sunlight. Solar Intensity vs. Latitude • Lower latitudes are nearest to the equator • They always receive more intense sunlight than “higher” latitudes • N and S hemispheres differ in solar intensity depending on season