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Transcript
Notes: Ecology Name: __________________________________ 13.1: Ecologists Study Relationships Ecology is the study of the relationships among organisms and their environment. • Ecologists study environments at different levels of organization. • Ecology is the study of the __________________________________________________, and between ___________________________ and their _____________________. • An organism is _____________________________________________, such as an alligator. • A population is a ___________________________________________ that lives in one area. • A community is a ___________________________________________________________ in one area. • An ecosystem includes _______________________________ as well as the climate, soil, water, rocks and other nonliving things in a given area. • A biome is a major regional or global community of organisms _______________________________ ______________________ and plant communities that thrive there. 13.2: Biotic & Abiotic Factors Ecology is the study of the relationships among organisms and their environment. • An ecosystem includes both _______________ and __________________ factors. • Biotic factors are ______________ • Abiotic factors are ___________________. – _________________ • _________________ – _________________ • temperature – fungi • Wind – bacteria • _________________ • _________________ • Changing one factor in an ecosystem can affect many other factors. – Biodiversity is the ____________________________________________________________ in an ecosystem – __________________________ have more biodiversity than other locations in the world, but are threatened by human activities. 13.3: Energy in Ecosystems Life in an ecosystem requires a source of energy. Producers and Consumers _____________________ (also known as ______________________) get their initial energy from _____________________________ like the ______________ and ______________________. • They take this energy and _________________________________________________ Processes by Which Producers Obtain Energy • Producers can get energy in two ways • Photosynthesis – ________________ it the main source of energy – Examples are ___________________________________________________________ • Chemosynthesis – ___________________________ like nitrogen and sulfur are the main source of energy – Examples are ____________________________, ________________________ in hydrothermal pools and marsh flats (swamps) _________________________ (also known as _____________________) get their energy by ___________ ____________________________ They get their energy from a _____________________ source. 13.4: Food Chains & Food Webs Food chains and food webs model the flow of energy in an ecosystem. • Food Chains and Food Webs _______________________________________________________________ Types of consumers: 1. herbivore: ______________________________________________________________ 2. carnivore: ______________________________________________________________ 3. omnivore: ______________________________________________________________ 4. detritivore: _____________________________________________________________ • Trophic levels are the nourishment levels in a food chain. – __________________________ get their energy from the sun. – ____________________________________ are herbivores that eat producers. – ____________________________________ are carnivores that eat herbivores. – ____________________________________ are carnivores that eat secondary consumers. – ____________________________, such as humans that eat both plants and animals, may be listed at different trophic levels in different food chains. • A food web shows: ______________________________________________________________________________________ 13.5 Cycling of Matter Matter cycles in and out of an ecosystem. Water cycles through the environment. • The water cycle is the pathway of water on Earth. Organisms all have bodies made of water. • Major Steps – ______________________ – ______________________ – ______________________ – ______________________ – ______________________ Oxygen cycles indirectly through an ecosystem by the cycling of other nutrients. • Major processes: _______________________ and _________________________ Carbon is the building block of life. • The carbon cycle moves carbon from the ____________________, through the ________________, and back. • Carbon is emitted by the burning of _________________________ (combustion). • Some carbon is stored for long periods of time in areas called ___________________________. • Major Steps – _____________________ – ______________________ – _____________________ – ______________________ The nitrogen cycle mostly takes place underground. • Some __________________ convert gaseous ___________________ into ____________________ through a process called __________________________. • Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in nodules on the ______________________________; others live freely in the ______________. – ________________________ released into the soil is transformed into ___________________. – Nitrifying bacteria change the ______________________ into ______________________. – Nitrogen moves through the food web and returns to the soil during __________________. The phosphorus cycle takes place at and below ground level. • Phosphate is released by the _______________________________________________. • Phosphorus moves through the food web and returns to the soil during _______________________. • Phosphorus leaches into groundwater from the soil and is locked in ________________________. • Both ___________________________________________ add phosphorus into the environment. 14.2 Community Interactions Organisms interact as individuals and as populations. • Competition and predation are two important ways in which organisms interact. • • Competition occurs when _______________________________________________________________ – _________________________________: among same species – _________________________________: among different species Predation occurs when _________________________________________________________________. Symbiosis is when there is a ________________________________________________________________ ______________________ that live in close contact. • There are three major types of symbiotic relationships. • Mutualism: ____________________________________________________________________________ • Commensalism: ________________________________________________________________________ • Parasitism: ____________________________________________________________________________ • Parasites meet their needs as _____________________ (such as leeches) and _____________________ (such as hookworms)
