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Name: ______________________ Date: _______________________ Very Vicious Volcano Varieties Asthenosphere Brittle Cinder Continental Plate Convection Conveyer belt Crust Elevation Eruption Lava Lithosphere Magma Mantle Molten Oceanic Plate Phenomenon Shield Slip Zone Tectonic plates Vent Volcano Very Vicious Volcano Varieties - Page 2 TEACHER DIRECTED NOTES Volcanoes Now that you know the different ways that the tectonic plates interact with each other, we will look at how this movement can cause another natural phenomenon to happen: Volcanoes. But first, we will look at the parts of a volcano and then study the different types of volcanoes that exist. Parts of a Volcano 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Very Vicious Volcano Varieties - Page 3 The Parts Explained: within the ________ part of the Earth’s __________ that contains __________, ___________ and dissolved __________. 2. The ________________ is the slow moving melted ________. ________ will burn and bury everything in its path. It usually moves quite _________. 3. The ___________________ are the particles that are violently expelled in the _____. Sometimes this ash is small, _________ or even _________ in size and whatever goes up must come _________. 4. The _____________ is the opening of the volcano from where ________ of the lava is given off. 5. _______________ are the simplest types of volcanoes that are formed when some of the _______ hardens and accumulates next to the main volcano. This accumulation forms _________. 6. During a volcanic eruption, ________ gets to the surface through the __________________. 7. __________________ are formed by volcanic _____________ and contain ____________ particles. 8. The _____________ is an opening in the surface of the Earth. From here, __________ and _____________ come out and when they do, they often are extremely ________. Very Vicious Volcano Varieties - Page 4 TEACHER DIRECTED NOTES 1. The ________________ contains the molten ________ Types of Volcanoes TEACHER DIRECTED NOTES Composite Volcanoes These volcanoes grow _____ and _______ as the magma that flows out after eruptions solidifies on the surface. Often these volcanoes seem _______ as they are so quiet between eruptions. However, once they do erupt they are usually ________ and _________. Shield Volcanoes Although Shield Volcanoes are also formed by the solidification of the lava that flows on the surface they are _______ in height. This is because the eruptions are _______ and ___________ but relatively steady and the lava is more runny. Very Vicious Volcano Varieties - Page 5 Cinder cones are built from lava fragments called _______. The lava fragments are ejected from a single ______ and accumulate around the _____ when they fall back to earth. Cinder cones are among the most common volcanic landforms found in the world. They aren't famous as their eruptions usually don't cause any loss of life. Complex Volcanoes A complex volcano is one that has several ___________ __________ or more than 2 vents and can have a series of different types of volcanoes next to each other. Did You Know? The word “volcano” comes from Vulcan. In Roman mythology, Vulcan was the god of fire and metalworking. He is also said to be the god of blacksmiths. Very Vicious Volcano Varieties - Page 6 TEACHER DIRECTED NOTES Cinder and Spatter Cone Volcanoes THE SITUATION… THE SITUATION Now that you know about the different types of volcanoes, you will discover how the magma makes its way to the surface of the Earth and the consequences of this on the lithosphere. Let’s Talk about CONVECTION! You will be given 2 procedures to follow. You can make changes if you think the procedure can be improved upon. Remember to record any changes you make. Very Vicious Volcano Varieties - Page 7 I observe. I develop a research question. I define the variables. I experiment. I collect the data. I analyze my results and present them. I Observe: We now know that the surface of the Earth is formed of tectonic plates. These plates are hard and brittle and sit on top of liquid rock. Together they make up the asthenosphere. Miners have known that the temperature of the Earth increases as one goes deeper into the Earth. The asthenosphere’s temperature is so high that the rock it is made of is soft and moving. It is this movement that makes the plates move a few centimeters every year. When volcanoes erupt, magma is expelled. Once the magma hits the surface of the Earth it is called lava. Lava is both molten and solidified rock. If volcanoes are constantly erupting, then the amount of lava accumulating on the Earth should be quite remarkable; however, the amount of “Crust” seems to remain constant which means that as some “Crust” is created by volcanoes, somewhere on the Earth some of the existing “Crust” is disappearing or changing form. Suggest ways that heat causes movement. How do you think the liquid rock under the Earth’s crust moves? Very Vicious Volcano Varieties - Page 8 EXPERIMENT Experimental Method I develop a research question: Experiment 1: “How does water behave when it is heated?” EXPERIMENT “How does a substance floating on the surface of water behave as water is heated?” “How does this help you explain the movements of the liquid rock below the surface of the Earth?” Experiment 2: “How can we simulate the formation of new crust by building a model of a volcano?” “How does this simulation show what happens to the existing crust when the new crust is created? Very Vicious Volcano Varieties - Page 9 I define the variables: Experiment 1: You will be using a variety of different materials for this experiment. Although they are basic household materials, they are meant to simulate natural substances. Once you read the full experiment, complete this section. What do you think each material represents? What it Represents Water Coffee Grounds Sawdust Hot Plate Experiment 2: You will be using a variety of different materials for this experiment. Although they are basic household materials, they are meant to simulate natural substances. Once you read the full experiment, complete this section. What do you think each material represents? Material and Equipment What it Represents Water Red Wax Sand or Gravel Hot Plate Very Vicious Volcano Varieties - Page 10 EXPERIMENT Material and Equipment I Experiment EXPERIMENT Procedure: Here is the proposed procedure for this experiment. If you change the procedure, make sure you note your changes. Experiment 1: 1. Collect the equipment listed above. 2. Place the ground coffee beans at the bottom of the beaker. 3. Fill the beaker with about 200ml of water. 4. Sprinkle the sawdust into the beaker containing water. 5. Place the filled beaker on the hot plate. 6. Turn the hot plate on high. 7. Remember to put on your safety glasses. 8. Observe what happens as the water in the beaker is heated. NOTE: Stop before the water reaches the boiling point. 9. Record your observations in the result section of the booklet. Very Vicious Volcano Varieties - Page 11 I Experiment: Experiment 2: 1. Collect the beaker with the hardened melted wax at the bottom. NOTE: Your teacher will have prepared this beforehand. 2. Add about a 0.5 cm layer of the sand or gravel on top of the hardened melted wax. 3. Gently add about 150ml of water on top of the melted wax and sand or gravel. 4. Allow the sand or gravel to settle again before you continue with the experiment. 5. Place the filled beaker on the hot plate and turn the hot plate on high. 6. Remember to wear your safety goggles. 7. Closely watch what is happening. 8. NOTE: Be patient and wait as once the reaction is ready to happen, it happens in a second. If you are not watching closely, you will miss the reaction. 9. Record all your observations in the result section of the booklet. Very Vicious Volcano Varieties - Page 12 EXPERIMENT Procedure: Here is the proposed procedure for this experiment. If you change the procedure, make sure you note your changes. RESULTS (I collect my data) Experiment 1: An Endless Conveyor Belt EXPERIMENT Observations: Draw a diagram showing what you observed during the experiment. Use ARROWS to show the movement of the water and make sure you label the parts of your experiment. Diagram Very Vicious Volcano Varieties - Page 13 RESULTS (I collect my data) Experiment 2: Brand-New Rock Draw a Diagram of what your experiment looked like BEFORE the reaction took place and draw another diagram of what your experiment looked like AFTER your reaction took place. Label your diagram and include arrows to show movement where necessary. BEFORE AFTER Very Vicious Volcano Varieties - Page 14 EXPERIMENT Observations: I analyze my results and present them. Experiment 1: An Endless Conveyor Belt ANALYSIS 1. How did the sawdust move as the water was heated? 2. How do these movements help you explain the movement of the tectonic plates that sit on top of the liquid mantle? Very Vicious Volcano Varieties - Page 15 Experiment 1: An Endless Conveyor Belt Experiment 2: Brand-New Rock 1. Where did the red wax go when the reaction took place? 2. When the solid red wax reacted, what happened to the sand or gravel that was sitting on top of it? Very Vicious Volcano Varieties - Page 16 ANALYSIS 3. Where does the monumental force that causes the plates to move come from? Experiment 2: Brand-New Rock ANALYSIS 3. How does this simulation explain what happens when new crust is created? 4. How does this simulation explain what happens when old crust moves away? ANALYSIS Very Vicious Volcano Varieties - Page 17 Linking it all Together… Listen carefully because you are then going to answer a question linking everything together. Use the space below to take notes as you watch the video clip. Notes: _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ Very Vicious Volcano Varieties - Page 18 MAKING CONNECTIONS You are now going to watch a short video clip that explains exactly what you have just seen in these two experiments. MAKING CONNECTIONS Linking it all Together… You are now very knowledgeable about how volcanoes affect the overall quantity of “Crust” on the surface of the Earth. Look at the diagram below and explain what is happening. Use the letters to guide you. A B C D E F Very Vicious Volcano Varieties - Page 19 2. Experiment 2: Brand-New Rock: If you were to repeat this experiment would you change the procedure? Explain why or why not: e.g. use a stop watch…. Very Vicious Volcano Varieties - Page 20 REFLECTION ACTIVITY 1. Experiment 1: An Endless Conveyor Belt: If you were to repeat this experiment would you change the procedure? Explain why or why not: e.g. change testing materials…. Review Questions REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. How does the collision between plates create a volcano? 2. Explain how two plates moving apart can also result in a volcano? 3. What is the difference between magma and lava? 4. Answer the final questions using the Smart Board. Very Vicious Volcano Varieties - Page 21