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Control of bolting and flowering in sugar beet Pierdomenico Perata Antonietta Santaniello Early flowering in sugar beet 1 Early flowering in sugar beet Troubles: Lower yield Difficult harvest Increases seed dispersal (“wild beet”) The physiology of flowering 2 Photoperiodic control of flowering Pharbitis, short day plant Arabidopsis, long day plant Beta vulgaris, long day plant Vernalisation cauliflower plant grown 5 years in a heated greenhouse Vernalised cauliflower plant = flowering 3 Vernalisation in sugar beet Sugar beet plants require vernalisation Temperature: 8°C Lenght: ~ 70 gg Early flowering Spring sowing (4-6 leaves stage) Fall sowing Temperature: 3-5°C Lenght: few days Low temperatures in southern Italy 4 Molecular biology of flowering Molecular biology of flowering 5 Transition from vegetative to flowering meristem Transition from vegetative to flowering meristem 6 Flower and inflorescence identity: “terminal flower” gene tfl mutant Mutations in CAL and AP1 results in a strong inflorescence phenoype 7 The ABC model AP1 The ABC model Positive interaction between genes coding for the same function. A genes and C genes compete and the expression of one class excludes the expression of the other class AP3 PI AG 8 The ABC model Vernalisation 9 Physiology and genetics of flowering in sugar beet VERNALISATION LONG DAY GIBBERELLINS? B Gene BOLTING FLOWERING Early flowering in sugar beet induction Gibberellis “bolting” Flower differentiation Flowering 10 Hormonal modulation of flowering Gibberellins Hormonal modulation of flowering Gibberellins 11 Gibberellins and flowering vernalisation Long day gibberellins Gibberellins and flowering vernalisation Long day gibberellins bolting and flowering are distinct processes (bolting without flowering is possible) GA 3 induces bolting (without vernalisation and long day conditions GA 3 cannot induce flowering (unless vernalisation and long day conditions occur) (Margara, 1960) 12 Gibberellins and flowering in some carrot CV GA 3 induces flowering (replacing vernalisation) in Lolium temulentum: GA 5 → flowering induction GA 1+GA 4 → differentiation (King et al., 2001) In Vitis vinifera gibberellins inhibit flowering Gibberellins and flowering in sugar beet VERNALISATION FLOWERING GA1 GA8 GA5 Data: SORCE & LORENZI, UniPISA 13 Fitoregolatori e prefioritura VERNALISATION FLOWERING GA1 GA5 INHIBITION OF GA SYNTHESIS O HO H OH CO 2β-idrossilasi H PACLOBUTRAZOLE BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE GAs COOH GA29 O O O H CO OH 3 β-idrossilasi HO H H OH CO OH CO HO H HO H H GA20 REGALIS COOH COOH COOH GA8 GA1 O O 2,3-desaturasi H H OH CO OH CO HO H H COOH COOH GA5 GA3 14 CONCLUSION: Selection of CV with lower tendency to early flowering Identification of genes responsible for the vernalisation response Center for Research on Crop Physiology 15