Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Unit 7 Notes, Part 1: Memory and Encoding MEMORY • Memory- the persistence of ___________ over time through the storage and retrieval of information • Flashbulb Memory- a clear memory of an ___________ significant moment or event Example of a flashbulb memory? Information Processing Model • Human Memory works like a computer: • Write the file = ___________ • Save the file= ___________ • Open the file= ___________ Three Stage Processing Model (Atkinson and Shiffrin) • Sensory memory • Short-term memory/working memory • Long-term memory ENCODING Types of Encoding • • ___________ Effortful • Rehearsal/Overlearning • • ___________ Effect Serial ___________ Effect What type of coding caused you to remember those things? Automatic, effortful, or a combination? Explain. Levels of Processing • ___________ processing or maintenance rehearsal • • • simple repetition example: most people do not have accurate memories of the organization of letters on a keyboard, despite having seen and used them many times. Deep processing or elaborative rehearsal • coding by forming _____________ between new info and info already stored. Types of Encoding • Semantic Encoding- _____________ of words • • Acoustic Encoding- _____________ of words Visual encoding- images, pictures Mnemonic Devices • Encoding Imagery • Method of Loci-moving through familiar _____________ and associating each place with a word • Peg Word- memorizing a jingle and associating words with _____________ • Chunking-dividing information into _____________ or manageable units • Hierarchies- few broad concepts divided and subdivided Unit 7 Notes, Part 2: Storage Sensory Memory • Iconic: __________ • Echoic: __________ Short Term Memory • Limited in ___________________ • Magic #: ___ (+/-2) Types of Long Term Memories • Episodic- personally __________ events • ex: what you had for breakfast this morning • Semantic-general __________ knowledge • ex: temperature at which water boils • Procedural-relate to __________ or habits • ex: memory of how to brush your teeth Hey look! A hierarchy mnemonic! Explicit Memory • memories that one is ____________________ aware • ex: I may have explicit memory of playing a golf course • hippocampus- neural center in limbic system that helps process ____________ memories for storage Implicit Memory • memories of which one is not ___________________ • ex: may have implicit memories of how to tie one's shoe but not be able to describe it to another Amnesia • Anterograde: unable to form ________ memories • Retrograde: unable to recall __________ events Unit 7 Notes, Part 3: Retrieval and Forgetting Retrieval Task 1 Task 2 Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: • Recall: ____________________ something you learned • Recognition: ______________ something you learned • Priming: the activation, often ______________, of a web of associations in memory in order to retrieve a specific memory. Context Effects/déjà vu: that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues • • • • from the current situation may unconsciously ______________ retrieval of an earlier experience. Mood Congruent Memory/ State Dependent Memory: the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. Forgetting Encoding Failure: information never entered into long-term memory Storage Decay: lose information over time • ______________ forgetting curve • Proactive Interference: hinders retrieval of ________ (PRO) information • Retroactive Interference: hinders retrieval of ________ (RETRO) information **Flip to back for activity** Improve Your Memory • Activate retrieval cues- mentally recreate situation and mood • Recall events while they are fresh • • • • Write down before ______________ Minimize interference Test your own knowledge Rehearse