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Item # Secretion Initiated By Secretion Inhibited By Hormone 1 Hypertension dehydration decreased blood volume pain, stress,and increased sodium Hypotension increased blood volume alcohol Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Vassopressin Cranial Cavity Posterior Pituitary (3) 2 Stimulation of nipples and child birth Catecholamines Oxytocin (OT) Alpha-hypophamine Cranial Cavity Posterior Pituitary 3 Thyroid Releasing Hormone High levels of thyroid hormones Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Thyrotropin Cranial Cavity Anterior Pituitary 4 Low level of cortisol, stress, fever Increased levels of cortisol Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Corticotropin Cranial Cavity Anterior Pituitary 5 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Testosterone (men) Estrogen & Progesterone (women) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Gonadotropins Cranial Cavity Anterior Pituitary 6 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone High levels of, (in the testes testosterone, in the overies estrogen and progesterone) Leutininzing Hormone (LH) Gonadotropins Cranial Cavity Anterior Pituitary 7 Mechanical or infant suckling Dopamine Prolactin (PRL) Luteotropic hormone (LTH) Cranial Cavity Anterior Pituitary 8 Ultraviolet light Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Release Inhibitory Hormone (MIF) Melanocyte - Stimulating Hormone Lipotropin Cranial Cavity Anterior Pituitary 9 Control by central nervous system, occurs in burts, most released during early sleep, somatostatin an anterior pituitary regulating hormone produced in hypothalamus, Human Growth Hormone Somatotropin Cranial Cavity Anterior Pituitary Molecular Structure of Hormones Alternate Name 1 OF 10 Location of Major Endocrine Gland Organ Responsible for Secretion Illustrations of the Secreting Organ Item # Cell Type Responsible for Secretion Target Organ or Tissue Principle Action Consequences of Deficieny Chemical Class Consequences of Excess Feed Back System Drugs Associated with the Imbalance Reference 1 Neurosecretory Cells Kidneys Sweat Glands Arterioles To conserve water by decreasing urine output Decreases the permiability of the collecting ducts of the kidneys, increasing urine production, resulting in dehydration, and possibaly diabetes insipidus Peptide Increases the permiability of the collecting ducts of the kidneys decreasing urine production. Negative Desmopressin, Terlipressin colorado.edu,www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/book shelf/picrender.fcgi,Image may be subject to copyright http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin shop1.actinicexpress.co.uk,www.chemic albook.com/StructureFile 2 Neurosecretory Cells Uterus during labor and mammary glands Stimulates uterine muscle contraction, and secretion of milk Prevents maturnal bond, decrease in milk ejection Peptide No known syndrome naturally secreted, however if given excess via IV it can cause water retention and iatrogenic hyponatremia. 3 Neurosecretory Cells, Thyrotrophs Thyroid Gland Stimulates synthesis and release of thyroid hormones, growth and function of thyroid gland Hypothyroidism Glycoprotein Hyperthyroidism Negative 4 Corticotrophs Adrenal Cortex Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal glands. Hypoadrenalism Peptide Hyperadrenalism Negative 5 Gonadotrophs Testes & Ovaries Stimulates the production of eggs(ovarian follicles) and estradiol in women and sperm in men. hypogonadism cessation of reproductive cycles (females) Glycoprotein primary hypogonadism, cryptorchidism(undescended testes) Negative Menotropins including more purified forms of urinary gonadotropins such as Menopur, as well as without LH activity as recombinant FSH (Gonal F, Follistim). www.agen.ufl.edu, www.nextbio.com/b/pubchemimg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folliclestimulating_hormone www.lookchem.com/keyimages,www.pho enix5.org/.../graphics/malereprourin.jpg, www.invitrogen.com/etc/medialib/en/imag es http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteinizing_h ormone Illustration of Target Organ or Tissue Positive anselm.edu, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science,w Pitocin, Syntocinon, tocolytic ww.chemicalbook.com/CAS,bioweb.wku. agent atosiban (Tractocile) edu/courses,www.chemicalbook.com/Str uctureFile Thyrogen www.cartage.org.lb/.../endocrorgs.gif,,w ww.invitrogen.com/etc/medialib/en/image s,physpharm.ohsu.edu/.../Images/Edwin. jpg,content.answers.com/ Cosyntropin, Tradename www.genscript.com,www.laurelalexander Cortrosyn and Synacthen .co.uk,www.chemicalbook.com/Structure (synthetic ACTH), Acthar Gel File, 6 Gonadotrophs Gonads LH stimulates secretion of sex steroids from the gonads. secondary hypogonadism (Kallmann syndrome) Glycoprotein primary hypogonadism Negative Pergonal, and other forms of urinary gonadotropins . More purified forms of urinary gonadotropins may reduce the LH portion in relation to FSH. Recombinant LH is available as lutropin alfa (Luveris). 7 Lactotrophs Mammary glands Stimulates Mammary glands to produce milk Absence of milk production Protein Enlarge mammary glands in both male/females, infertility, galactorrhea Negative Medications that act like dopamine (such as bromocriptine or cabergoline). 8 Corticotropes Skin & Hair Stimulates the production and release of melanin Hyperpigmentation Polypeptide No melain produced, Albinism Negative Afamelanotide (melanotan1), Bremelanotide 9 Somatotropes All body cells Causes liver to release IGF-1 promoting growth of long bones. Stimulates fat cells to break down triglyceride Growth retardation (dwarvism) Protein Giganticism and Acromegly Negative www.chemicalbook.com/CAS,genxxl.co Genotropin®, Humatrope®, m/.../i6.photobucket.com Norditropin®, Nutropin®, http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugs Saizen®, Serostim® _concern/hgh.htm 2 OF 10 www.terrapub.co.jp,academic.kellogg.ed u/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKi.Image may be subject to copyright,ehponline.org www.rgs.uky.edu/odyssey/images/melan ocyte_uv.jpg,www.topnews.in/files/SkinHair.Care_.jpg, Image may be subject to copyright.,img.tfd.com/MosbyMD/thumb/ tyrosine.jpg Item # Secretion Initiated By Secretion Inhibited By Hormone 10 Thyroid releasing hormone Somatostatin Thyroid Hormone Thyroglobulin Neck Thyroid Gland 11 Increase in serum Calcium levels, Gastrin, Pentagastrin Blood calcium levels below normal Calcitonin Thyrocalcitonin Neck Thyroid Gland 12 Low serum calcium levels Serum calcium levels above normal Parathyroid Hormone Parathormone Neck Parathyroid Gland 13 Stressor Self regulating Epinephrine Adrenaline Abdominal Cavity (retroperitoneal) Adrenal Glands medulla) 14 Danger threatens or in emergency Self regulating Norepinephrine Noradrenaline Abdominal Cavity (retroperitoneal) Adrenal Glands (adrenal medulla) 15 Angiotensin II Sodium Ions and Dopamine, ANH Aldosterone Salt-retaining hormone Abdominal Cavity (retroperitoneal) Adrenal Glands (adrenal cortex) 16 ACTH Increased Cortisol levels inhibit CRH secretion and stops ACTH secretion Cortisol / Cortisone Hydrocortisone Abdominal Cavity (retroperitoneal Adrenal Glands (adrenal cortex) 17 ACTH Increased levels of FSH, LH and GnRH Gonadocorticoids Hormone Adrenal androgens Abdominal Cavity (retroperitoneal) Adrenal Glands (adrenal cortex) Molecular Structure of Hormones Alternate Name 3 OF 10 Location of Major Endocrine Gland Organ Responsible for Secretion Illustrations of the Secreting Organ (adrenal Item # Cell Type Responsible for Secretion Target Organ or Tissue 10 Follicular Cells 11 Parafollicular cells 12 Parathyroid chief cell Principle Action Consequences of Deficieny Chemical Class Consequences of Excess Feed Back System Drugs Associated with the Imbalance Reference All Body cells Regulates the body's metabolic rate Hypothyroidism ( Cretinism , Myxedema) Peptide Hyperthyroidism (Grave's Disease) Negative Levothyroxine (i.e., Synthroid, Levoxyl), as well as synthetic forms of the T3 hormone. Natural, animal-derived desiccated thyroid, such as Armour Thyroid. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf,genxxl.c om/.i6.photobucket.com,www.chemicalb ook.com/StructureFile, http://thyroid.about.com/od/thyroiddrugstr eatments/tp/thyroidhormonereplacement. htm Bone tissue Regulate calcuim and phosphoros blood levels stimulates absorption of calcium by bone A large number of diseases are associated with abnormally increased or decreased levels of calcitonin, but pathologic effects of abnormal calcitonin secretion per se are not generally recognized. Peptide A large number of diseases are associated with abnormally increased or decreased levels of calcitonin, but pathologic effects of abnormal calcitonin secretion per se are not generally recognized. Negative Miacalcin Nasal, Fortical, Miacalcin www.igb.fraunhofer.de/.../calcitonin,www .modernights.com/images/bone%20tissu e.jpg http://www.drugs.com/drugclass/calcitonin.html Bone tissue Illustration of Target Organ or Tissue Regulates serum Ca levels by releasing Ca from bones Hypoparathyroidism -tetany/convulsions Peptide Hyperparathyroidism,decalcification of bone Image may be subject to copyright. Negative Forteo https://www.bcbsri.com/BCBSRIWeb/im ages,www.modernights.com/images/bon e%20tissue.jpg http://www.drugs.com/drugclass/parathyroid-hormone-andanalogs.html www.chemicalbook.com/StructureFile.w ww.landesbioscience.com/.../NavehMany03Jin.jpg Image may be subject to copyright. Adrenalin® Chloride Solution, http://www.thyroidinstitute.org/images/ad EpiPens, Anapens and renal_gland.jpg, Twinjects, Racemic psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Epinephrine., epinephrine www.medicallook.com/.../Cardiac_Muscle 13 Chromaffin cells Sympathetic effectors, cardiac and other muscles Provides the body with energy for a stress response (fight or flight) Dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency Peptide Anxiety/fear/panic Negative 14 Chromaffin cells Adrenergic receptors: pancreas, liver, muscle, repiratory rate Provides the body with energy for a stress response (fight or flight) Dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency Amino acid Anxiety/fear/panic Negative Levophed Bitartrate LEVOPHED 15 Zona glomerulosa cells Kidneys Water regulation, increases plasma Na+ and decreases K+ Cushing Syndrome, Addison's disease (rare) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism Very high-sodium diet Steroid Bartter syndrome (extremely rare) Primary hyperaldosteronism (rare) Secondary hyperaldosteronism from heart or kidney disease Very low-sodium diet Negative Aldosterone Antagonist (spironolactone) 16 Zona fasciculata and zona reticularis cells. All tissues Stimulates glucose synthesis/conservation & inhibits inflammatory response Over inflammation of tissues Amino acid Can suppress bodys defense system, including the inflammatory response. Negative Cortisone or Corticosteroids 17 Zona fasciculata and zona reticularis cells. All tissues Sex hormones prior to puberty Addison’s disease Steroid Cushing's disease and/or masculinization Negative Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) 4 OF 10 www.lookchem.com http://www.drugs.com/mtm/norepinephri ne.html http://image.tutorvista.com/content,om/lar ge_KidneyDiagram http://www.drugs.com/enc/aldosterone.ht ml http://www.xploringhealth.com/ http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/ bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Hormones_cortiso ne kcampbell.bio.umb.edu/November01/Sry casca.gif Image may be subject to copyright. Item # Secretion Initiated By Secretion Inhibited By Hormone 18 Increased gluconse in the blood Decreased glucose in the blood stream Insulin Pancrein Abdominal Cavity (pancreas) Pancreatic Islets 19 Decrease in bood glucose levels Increase in blood glucose levels Glucagon enteroglucagon Abdominal Cavity (pancreas) Pancreatic Islets 20 PP cells (F cells) Inhibits pancreatic enzyme secretion via a cholinergic pathway Pancreatic Polypeptide F Cell Abdominal Cavity (pancreas) Pancreas 21 Increased levels of Growth horomone (GIHH) Decreased levels of Growth hormone Somatostatin growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or somatotropin releaseinhibiting factor (SRIF) Cranial Cavity (Brain) Hypothalamus 22 Testosterone is primarily synthesized in Leydig cells. The number of Leydig cells in turn is regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). High levels of the hormone LH Testosteone Androgen Pelvic Cavity (Scrotum) Teste 23 By FSH ( Follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing) hormone in the ovaries. Menopause Estrogen Oogenesis Pelvic Cavity Ovary 24 BY FSH ( Follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing) hormone in the ovaries. High levels of the hormone FSH Progesterone Oogenesis Pelvic Cavity Ovary(Corpus lutem) 25 T cells (lymphoctes) Low level of T cells Thymosin Thymopoietin Mediastinum Thymus 26 Regulate onset of puberty and menstrual cycle, responds to body's internal clock Inhibition of testerone Melatonin Methoxytryptamine Cranial Cavity (Brain) Pineal Gland 27 Internal-External Stimuli Physical change or damage, drug influences, psychological imbalance Releasing Hormones Releasing Factor Cranial Cavity (Brain) Hypothalmus Molecular Structure of Hormones Alternate Name 5 OF 10 Location of Major Endocrine Gland Organ Responsible for Secretion Illustrations of the Secreting Organ Item # Cell Type Responsible for Secretion Target Organ or Tissue Principle Action Consequences of Deficieny Chemical Class Consequences of Excess Feed Back System 18 b islet cells Liver and skeletal muscules (shown) Lowers level of glucose in the blood Diabetes mellitus/diabetic coma Peptide Hypoglycemia Negative 19 Alphn cells of b ilet of langerhans Liver elevates level of glucose in the blood Hyperaminoacidemia Polypeptide Cuasing pancreatic tumors as glucagonoma. Negative 20 PP Cells Intestinal cells and other affectors pancreatic polypeptide hormone is expressed at times when glucose levels in the blood are low causing hunger. Having too much would cause lack of appitite, loss of body mass, low blood glucose levals Negative 21 Neuronedocrine neurone of the periventricular nucleus Pancreatic cells and other effectors inhibits release of growth hormone, inhibits release of thyroid stimulating hormone Acromegaly Peptide Dwarfism Negative 22 Adrenal Cortex Brain, bones, muscle, gonads Promotes protein Poor libido, Fatigue, atrophy, erectile dysfunction, diabetes, poor sleep, depression, anxiety, psychological disorders, decrease of hair, loss of bone mass, irritability, infertility Androgen (steroid) Early puberty, acne, excessive muscle mass and mood swings. Breast tissue growth and unusual body hair growth Negative Andro LA 200, Delatestryl, http://www.biog1105Depandro 100, Depo1106.org,www.ftmguide.org/images/Tmol Testosterone, Testosterone ecule.gif Cypionate, Testosterone http://www.drugs.com/testosterone.html Enanthate (Physical)- arthrosclerosis, headaches, vaginal infections, arthritis (Mental)depression panic attacks, lowered self esteem. Menopause Steroid PMS Migraines Mood Swings Cramps Uterine Fibroids Depression Unexplained Weight Gain Fatigue Osteoporosis Insomnia Allergies Memory Loss Acne Hot Flashes Thinning Hair Irregular Periods Breast Tenderness Miscarriage Low Sex Drive High Blood Pressure Facial Hair Inflammation Negative Alora3, Angeliq4, Climara5, Climara Pro6, Combipatch7 ,Delestrogen, Enjuvia8, Estraderm9, Estrasorb10, http://www.biog1105-1106.org,www.thefemhrt11, hormonal-nightmare.com/images/Human Femring12,Prefest13 http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/Inf Tablets, Premarin14, ormationbyDrugClass/ucm135318.htm Premarin Intravenous15, Premarin Vaginal Cream16, PREMPRO/PREMPHASE17 , Vivelle18, Vivelle-Dot19 Progesterone converts the endometrium to its secretory stage to prepare the uterus for implantation. At the same time progesterone Infertility, miscarriage, carbohydrate affects the vaginal epithelium and cervical cravings, tenderness to breast, irregular mucus, making it thick and impermeable to periods, ovarian cysts, menstrual sperm. If pregnancy does not occur, progesterone cramps, water retention, hypothermia, levels will decrease, leading, in the human, to menstruation Lipids Inhibits pituitary secretion of FSH and LH; As a result the developent of new follicles are inhibited. Negitive First Progesterone MC10, First Progesterone MC5, Progest, Prometrium http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au,imag e.absoluteastronomy.com/images/encycl oped ZADAXIN® Thymosin Alpha 1, Injection (thymalfasin) http://www.empowher.com,www.lookche m.com/300w http://www.rxlist.com/zadaxin-drug.htm 23 Adrenal Cortex Gonads, brain, cardiovascular,liver, bone Illustration of Target Organ or Tissue Promote the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, such as breasts, and are also involved in the thickening of the endometrium and other aspects of regulating the menstrual cycle. Having too little PP hormones appears to stimulate appetite, lessens the ability to resist the temptation of food, and Peptide (amino acid polypeptide) increases the chances of a person becoming overweight. 24 Adrenal Cortex Gonads 25 Cortex Lymphoid Enhances the development of "T" lymphocytes. Activity of the thymus wanes significantly after puberty; it ultimately atrophies to be replaced with fibrous tissue. Decrease T cells can occur in infection and disease. Blood( white blood cells) Little or no immune response. Inability to resist bacterial, viral or fungal infections. A lack of cancer cell surveillance. Inability to reject foreign tissues. Negative 26 Pinealocytes Brain Melatonin signal forms part of the system that regulates the Circadian rhythm (sleep-wake cycle) by chemically causing drowsiness Insomnia or frequent waking Peptide Increase hormone can cause a sleeping disorder .( Also sleep can help growth development and energy. Only if you sleep for 810 hrs.) Negative 27 Parvocellular Neurosecretory Neurons Pituitary Is a hormone whose main purpose is to control the release of another hormone Psychological, Physical changes. Illness, organ damage, hormonal imbalances, death Peptide Psychological, Physical changes. Illness, organ damage, hormonal imbalances, death Negative 6 OF 10 Drugs Associated with the Imbalance Reference www.pharmacorama.com/en/Sections/im ages/Insul.Image may be subject to Insulin Regular copyright.,www.chemicalbook.com/Struct Humulin R, Novolin R, ureFile Novolin R Innolet, Novolin R http://www.drugs.com/insulin.html PenFill, ReliOn/Novolin R GlucaGen Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP) Octreotide, Lanreotide www.chemicalbook.com/StructureFile,w ww.best-vitamin-supplementsguide.com/images,www.lookchem.com/k eyimages// http://www.drugs.com/cdi/glucagon.html www.ebi.ac http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NC T00791076 upload.wikimedia.org/.../2/27/Somatostati n.png,www.chemicalbook.com/Structure File Melatonin, S.Gard, ...show all www.hbcprotocols.com/sleep/images/me 6 brand names.Biolatonin.gif Melatonin, Health Aid http://www.drugs.com/mtm/melatonin.ht Melatonin, VesPro Melatonin, ml Melatonin Time Release Antagon, Cetrotide, Firmagon, Plenaxis www.lookchem.com/UserFilesUpload http://www.drugs.com/drugclass/gonadotropin-releasing-hormoneantagonists.html Item # Secretion Initiated By Secretion Inhibited By Hormone Molecular Structure of Hormones Alternate Name Location of Major Endocrine Gland Organ Responsible for Secretion Illustrations of the Secreting Organ Additional Organs, Tissues and Cells that produce Hormones A Falling levels of EPO, moderate bleeding Chemotherapy and PO2 is normal, EPO derease Erythropoietin (EPO) Epoetin Alfa Abdominal Cavity Kidneys B Initiated early in parathyroid hormone secetion. Parathyroid hormones encourages the activation of calcidiol into calcitriol by the kidney Increased Ca & Phosphate Calcitrol (1,25-dihydroxyvitaminD3) Abdominal Cavity Renal Glands/Kidneys C The effect of the protein on body weight is mediated by decreased hunger and food Leptin is secreted by the adipose consumption due to inhibition of tissue into the blood stream, and neuropeptide Y, increased energy travels to the hypothalamus, where it expenditure, and oxidation of fatty acids in regulates the release of several the mitochondria of liver and skeletal neurotransmitters. muscles. Leptin LEP, Obesity Factor, Murine Obesity Homolog Many (Many) In addition to white adipose tissue—the major source of leptin—it can also be produced by brown adipose tissue, placenta (syncytiotrophoblasts), ovaries, skeletal muscle, stomach (lower part of fundic glands), mammary epithelial cells, bone marrow, pituitary and liver. D Estrone is produced primarily from androstenedione originating from the gonads (female ovaries) or the adrenal cortex. Aromatase inhibitors can't stop the ovaries from making estrogen, so aromatase inhibitors only work in postmenopausal women. Arimidex (chemical name: anastrozole), Aromasin (chemical name: exemestane), Femara (chemical name: letrozole) Estrone Oestrone, Estrogen Many (Many) Adrenal Cortex to the Ovaries E Secretion initiated by the uterus.The linear pathway is initiated through the action of lipoxygenases. Inhibit cyclooxygenase and reduce prostaglandin synthesis. induced intestinal fluid and electrolyte secretion Prostaglandins Cyclooxygenase Many Many F The presence of acid (primarily the Initiated by food in the stomach. The secreted HCl) in the stomach, Secretion intestinal phase is initiated by of this hormone is inhibited when the distension lumenal pH of the stomach becomes very low Gastrin Gastrinoma, Pentagastrin Many GI Tract G Lipoprotein Lipase Inhibits Cyclic Adenosine Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) Many GI Tract H Acidification of the Duodenum Normal pH Level Secretin Pancreatic Many GI Tract I Nutritional substances, secretin and when food leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine ATP, sensitive pottassium channels, verapamil and gastric acid Cholecystokinin (CCK) Pancreozymin Many GI Tract 7 OF 10 liver Item # Cell Type Responsible for Secretion Target Organ or Tissue Principle Action Consequences of Deficieny Chemical Class Consequences of Excess Feed Back System A Extraglomerular Mesangial Liver Hormone released from the kidney that stimulates thr production of red cells in the bone marrow Anemia occurs in type 1 diabetes, renal failure. Glycopreotein secreted to increase red blood cells production in response to oxygen deficiency Glycoprotein Anemia, too many red blood cells, kidney tumor Negative B B-cell and Vit D, cells of the proximal tubule of the nephron in the kidneys Kidneys Promote the absorption of calcium from food and bone to mobilize calcium from the bone to the blood. Hypocalcemia and Osteoporosis Peptide, Sterol Hormones Hypercalcaemia Negative C Adipocytes Many Plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including the regulation (decrease) of appetite and (increase) of metabolism. leptin also regulates reproductive function by enhancing secretion of the gonadotropin releasing hormone, and immune function by enhancing the production of Th1 cells Increased appetite, obesity, Type II Diabetes Protein Decreased Appetite Negative Recombinant Human Leptin, Fc-Leptin wpcontent.answers.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptin http://www.cags.org.ae/FMPro?DB=ctga.fp5&Format=ctga/ctga_detail.html&RecID=34627&-Find D Theca Cells, Granulosa Cells Many Essential for maintaining normal female functions and are normally produced by the ovaries. Gonadotropin Hormone Disfunction, Vasomotor symptoms, atrophic vaginitis, and vulvar atrophy associated with menopause, and for the prevention of osteoporosis due to estrogen defficieny Ketone, Steroid Weight Gain and prostate enlargement in men. Negative Estragyn 5®, Estro-A™, Estrone, Primestrin® http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrone www.riversideonline.com E All Tissues and Organs All Tissues and Organs F G cells Stomach and Duodenum G K cells Small Intestine H S cells Pancreas I I-cells Pancreas and Gallbladder Illustration of Target Organ or Tissue Prostaglandins serve as a catalyst for a large number of processes including the movement of calcium and other substances into and out of cells, dilation and contraction, inhibition and promotion of blood clotting, regulation of secretions including digestive juices and hormones, control of fertility, cell division and growth. Natriuresis, diuresis and blood pressure. Schizophrenia. Eicosanoids, Prostanoid Dysmenorrhea Negative Indigestion, Leads to Hypochlorhydria, where acid production is low. Bacterial overgrowth leading to diarrhea and decrease in absorption of nutrients. Peptide Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome, Stomic produces Hydrochloricacid causing Tumors and Peptide Ulcers. Duodenum Tumor, Pancreatic Cholera Syndrome Negative Stimulates insulin secretion after enteral nutrient Obesity, Pancreas Morphology and Bone ingestion. Strength Decreased Peptide Cushing's Syndrome Negative Action of the latter peptide on the avian pancreas. Autism, pancreatitis, pancreatic A hormone made by glands in the small intestine secretion, Vitamin B12 deficeincy due to that acts to stimulate pancreatic secretions. pernicious anaemia Peptide Gastic Acidity and Pancreas Contrasted Dramatically Negative Peptide Bulimia nervosa Negative Stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach A hormone secreted by the small intestine that stimulates the pancreas to release its digestive enzymes and the gallbladder to contract and release bile Less Bile Secretion 8 OF 10 Drugs Associated with the Imbalance Epogen, Procrit, Eprex, Dextrose Rocaltrol (Roche), Calcijex (Abbott) and Decostriol (Mibe, Jesalis, Antihypertensive Drugs Reference www.best-vitamin-supplementsguide.com/images,www3.interscience.wil ey.com http://www.drugs.com/ppa/epoetin-alfaerythropoietin-epo.html www.minnpost.com/.../large_KidneyDiagr am,biochemistryquestions.wordpress.co m http://www.drugs.com/mtm/calcitriol.html NSAIDs (inhibit cyclooxygenase) Corticosteroids (inhibit www.elmhurst.edu/.../images/556prostag phospholipase A2 landin production) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin COX-2 selective inhibitors or journals.cambridge.org coxibs Cyclopentenone prostaglandins Omeprazole Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) Drug: Modified GIP (GIP analog) SecreFlo™, ChiRhoStim® cholecystokinin (Injection route), CCK, pancreozymin www.chemicalbook.com/StructureFile,w ww.chemicalbook.com http://www.drugs.com/international/omegastrin.html www.chemicalbook.com/StructureFile, journals.prous.com http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT002397 07 www.chemicalbook.com/StructureFile,bio inf-tomcat.charite http://www.rxlist.com/secreflo-drug.htm www.chemicalbook.com/StructureFile,jou rnals.prous.com http://www.drugs.com/cons/cholecystoki nin-injection.html Item # Secretion Initiated By Secretion Inhibited By Hormone J Chorion, a fetal tissue component of the placenta Inhibited in GnRH secretions by estrogens and progesterone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin HCG Pelvic Cavity Placenta K Syncytiotrophoblast Dopamine Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (hCS) Growth Hormone (GH), Human Placental Lactogen Pelvic Cavity Placenta L By FSH ( Follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing) hormone in the ovaries. Menopause Estrogen Androgen, Oogenesis Pelvic Cavity Placenta (Corpus Luteum) M BY FSH ( Follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing) hormone in the ovaries. High levels of the hormone FSH Progesterone "Hormone of Pregnancy", Oogenesis Pelvic Cavity Placenta N Initiated by Cardiac Myocytes, Calcium and Endopeptidase Low blood pressure Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), or Atriopeptin Thoracic Cavity Heart (Atria) Angiotensin II Renin Substrate Abdominal Cavity Liver O When blood volume is low, the kidneys secrete renin. Renin stimulates the production of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers. Work angiotensin. Angiotensin also by blocking the binding of angiotensin II to stimulates the secretion of the muscles on blood vessels. hormone aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Molecular Structure of Hormones Alternate Name 9 OF 10 Location of Major Endocrine Gland Organ Responsible for Secretion Illustrations of the Secreting Organ breast and uterus, brain, bone, liver, heart and other tissues. Heart Item # Cell Type Responsible for Secretion Target Organ or Tissue Illustration of Target Organ or Tissue Principle Action Consequences of Deficieny Chemical Class Consequences of Excess Feed Back System Drugs Associated with the Imbalance Reference Hypogonadotropic and Hypogonadism Peptide Preabsorption, gestational trophoblastic disease during pregnancy, carbohydrate substitution, antibody excess receptor peptide and omission Negative Novarel, Ovidrel, Pregnyl, Profasi, Chorex, Gonic, HCG, Chorigon, Choron-10 www.chemicalbook.com/StructureFile, www.chemicalbook.com http://www.drugs.com/mtm/humanchorionic-gonadotropin-hcginjectable.html Growth failure,short failure, congenital malformation, delayed sexual maturity Polypeptide Pituitary tumor composed of somatotroph cells of the anterior pituitary Negative Placental Lactogen Human Recombinant http://www.prospecbio.com/Placental_La ctogen_Human_2_125/ J B-cell Corpus Luteum of the Ovary A hormone produced by the cells fo the early embryo (blastocyst) and the placenta that maintains the corpus luteum for approximately the first 3 months of pregnancy. HCG enters the bloostream of the mother and is excreted in her urine. HCG forms the basis for many pregnancy tests. K Somatotroph Cells Liver Stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other animals. A steroid hormone produced by the follicle cells and the corpus luteum in the ovary. Estrogen helps oocytes mature, stimulates cell division in the endometrium and the breats with each uterine cycle, and maintains secondary sex characteristics. L Developing Follicles Breast and Uterus, Brain, Bone, Liver, Heart and other Tissues M Testicular Cells Uterus and Embryo N O Atrial Myocytes Juxtaglomerular cells Low estrogen levels during pregnancy can reduce future fertility for female offspring. Menopause, breast tenderness, muscles Involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy aches, premenstrual symptoms will be (supports gestation ) and embryogenesis affected, moodiness, irritably, depression with fatigue and drowsiness Heart It is involved in the homeostatic control of body water, sodium, potasssiuman and fat (adipose tissue). It is released by muscle cells in the upper chambers (atria) of the heart (atrial myocytes, in response to the high blood pressure. ANP acts to reduce the water, sodum and adipose loads on the circulatory system, thereby reducing blood pressure. Kidneys Angiotensin II is a natural substance in your body that affects your cardiovascular system by narrowing your blood vessels. This narrowing can increase your blood pressure and force your heart to work harder. Angiotensin II also starts the release of a hormone that increases the amount of sodium and water in your body, which can lead to increased blood pressure. Angiotensin II can also thicken and stiffen the walls of your blood vessels and heart. Increased Blood Pressure Hypotension 10 OF 10 Alora3, Angeliq4, Climara5, Climara Pro6, Combipatch7 ,Delestrogen, Enjuvia8, Estraderm9, Estrasorb10, femhrt11, www.fibroidsetc.com Femring12,Prefest13 http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/Inf Tablets, Premarin14, ormationbyDrugClass/ucm135318.htm Premarin Intravenous15, Premarin Vaginal Cream16, PREMPRO/PREMPHASE17 , Vivelle18, Vivelle-Dot19 Steroid Nausea, headaches, heavy bleeding, breast tenderness and hormonla imbalance Negative Steroid Hormones changes during the normal menstrual cycle, body fat Negative Polypeptide Low Blood Pressure Negative Omapatrilat (Not approved by content.onlinejacc.org FDA), others being http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_natriure developed, Vasopressin tic_peptide Negative Captopril, Candesartan (Atacand), Eprosartan (Teveten), Irbesartan www.minnpost.com/.../large_KidneyDiagr (Avapro), Losartan (Cozaar), am,www.ganfyd.org/images Olmesartan (Benicar), www.mayoclinic.com Telmisartan (Micardis), Catecholamine, Valsartan (Diovan) Oligopeptide Hypertension, Heart Failure, Liver Failure First Progesterone MC10, First Progesterone MC5, Progest, Prometrium image.absoluteastronomy.com http://www.drugs.com/mtm/progesterone .html