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LIVING SOIL Master Gardener College George W. Bird, Professor, MSU (June 9, 2012) Living Soil References G. W. Bird, Professor Michigan State University [email protected] http://www.ent.msu.edu/Directory/Facultypages/bird/tabid/133/Default.aspx • • • • • • • • • • Brady, N. and R. Weil. 2002. Nature and Properties of Soils (13th ed) Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, N.J. 960 pp. Cavigelli, M. et al. 2010. Field Crop Ecology. MSU Extension Bulletin E-2646. East Lansing. 86 pp. Gugino, E. et al. 2009. Cornell Soil Health Assessment Training Manual. Cornell Univ. 58 pp. Ingham, E., A. Moldenke and C. Edwards. 2000. Soil Biology Primer. SWCS, Ankeny, IA. 48 pp. Magdoff, F and H. van Es. 2000. Building Soils for Better Crops (2nd ed) . USDA/SARE. Beltsville, MD. 230 pp. MOA. 1998. Life in the Soil (video). MOA Productions. Atami, Japan. 30 minutes. Montgomery, D. 2007. Dirt. The Erosion of Civilizations. Univ. California Press. Berkeley. 285 pp. North Central Cover Crops Council. 2012. Midwest Cover Crops Field Guide. Purdue Univ. 136 pp. SARE Handbook Nine. 2007. Managing Cover Crops Profitably (3rd ed) .USDA. Beltsville, MD. 244 pp. Wessels, T. 2006. The Myth of Progress: Toward a Sustainable Future. Univ. Vermont Press. Burlington. 131 pp. Home Work Assignment Discussion -High quality soil -Average quality soil -Low quality soil Soil Quality • Resists degradation! • Responds to management! MSU Statues - Sparty - John Hannah - Magic Johnson - Liberty Hyde Bailey Thought Process Structure + Process = Pattern Living System (Organism) • Replicate itself. • Take-in matter and energy and give-off residuals. • Be able to respond to its environment. Five Types of Natural Resources • Soil (Adam derived from adama, meaning earth; Eve derived from hava meaning living). • Water • Air • People (Homo derived from humus meaning living soil) • Other Living Organisms – Soil-Borne Organisms – Life in the Soil Soil • Outer most layer of our planet • Regenerative living system • Ecosystem (Your lawn of landscape ornamental ecosystem of interest) • Place where energy and matter are transformed and transported. Central Asia (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan) Tajikistan, 2010 Michigan, 2010 Nature of Soil (Phases) • Liquid (soil water) • Gas (soil air) • Solid – Mineral matter (sand, silt, clay, loam) – Organic matter • Dead • Decomposing • Living soil-borne organisms What organisms colonize our planet? Three Domains and 23 Kingdoms of Life (Science, Vol. 275:1740) (all but three are microscopic) Domain No. 1 Bacteria (6 Kingdoms) Domain No. 2 Domain No. 3 Arachaee Eukarya (6 Kingdoms) Animals Plants Fungi (8 other Kingdoms) Viruses (chemical messengers) ssRNA ssDNA dsRNA ssRNA multiple components Prions (Protein fragments) Function of Living Organisms • Producers – Autotrophs • Consumers – Heterotrophs Soil as a Habitat Bacteria Plant Roots Earthworms Actinomycetes Nematodes Protozoa Fungi Arthropods Ecosystem Structure Example (food chain transport and transformation of matter and energy) Plant First Tropic Level Plant Bacteria Ciliates Second Trophic Level Third Trophic Level Bacteria Flagellates Example of a Below-Ground Food Web Protozoa (grazers) Bacteria Nematodes (decomposers) (bacterivores) NH4+ Bacteria Nematodes Fungi (decomposers) (bacterivores) (decomposers) Root System NH4+ Fungi (decomposers) Nematode (fungivores) Bacteria (decomposers) NH4+ Nematode (Parasite/Pathogen) Nematode (predaceous) Earthworm (shredders) NH4+ NH4+ 4th Trophic 1st Trophic 2nd Trophic 3rd Trophic Level Level Level - Autotrophs Level Nematode being colonized by bacteria The microbes eat first! 96 hours later Complete transformation of matter and energy Nematode Feeding Types Bacterial Feeders Plant Feeders Algal Feeders Omnivores Fungal Feeders Carnivores Where are nematodes located in soil? Bacterivores 1,374 b Surface litter 0 to 6” depth 6 to 12” depth 34 a 94 a Herbivores Fungivores Omnivores Carnivores 31 a 22 b 29 a 11 a 15 a 82 b 18 b 17 a 24 a 4a 0.004 0.001 11 a 4a 0.485 0.008 Nematodes/100 cm3 soil or litter. Bird, 2002 Primary Productivity Ingham, R. et al. 1985. Ecological Monographs 55:199-140. Chemistry • Organic Chemistry – Co-valent bonding (sharing electrons) • Inorganic Chemistry – Ionic bonding (unlike charges bond) Bacteria (Consumer/Decomposers) • • • • • • • ≈ 5:1 (C:N ratio) Feed/Metabolize Immobile C and N Mineralize C and N Replicate Hybernate Die (consumed) Nematodes (Consumers) • • • • • • • 10:1 (C:N ratio) Feed (Bacterivores) Release NH4+ Mobilize C and N Reproduce Hybernate Die Energy CO2 Shoot System Rhizosphere NH4+ Nematode C:N 10:1 NO3─ Root System H2O Nutrients Sugar Exudate Bacteria C:N 5:1 Role of nematodes in nutrient transport and transformation Bird, 2002 Mineralization-Fixation Nitrogen Transport and Transformation Ionic (Mineral) Forms NH4+ MIneralization NO3- Organic Forms Proteins (Amino Acids) Nucleic Acids Bird, 2004 Fixation (assimilation) Bacterivore Enrichment Index n SQTB SQTA Non-stable Stable, Enriched but and Nutrient Enriched Regenerative SQTF Non-stable and Nutrient Depleted Carnivore SQTC Stable, but Nutrient Depleted 0 Algavore n Structural Herbivore Fungivore Omnivore Flagellates Amoebae Ciliates Surface litter 0 to 6” depth 6 to 12” depth 139,799b 39,380 b 5,758 a 9,321 a 2,634 a 1,515 a 2,334 b 266 a 112 a 0.007 0.001 0.001 Vertical distribution and population density of organisms associated with eight cherry orchards in northern Michigan. Bird, 2002 Flagellates Organic 258,344 Surface litter 0 to 6” depth 6 to 12” depth Conventional 21,235 6,991 4,524 2,342 2,928 Comparative distributions and population densities of organisms associated with four organic and four conventional Michigan cherry orchards. Bird, 2002 Mycorrhizal Fungi Endomycorrhizae Ectomycorrhizae Soil can be a sleepy place, but when activated it is dynamic and a place where organisms interact to transform-transport matter and energy. Structure + Process→Pattern? An Eleventh Commandment Walter Clay Lowdermilk (1939) -Thou shalt inherit the holy earth as a faithful steward conserving its resources and productivity from generation to generation. -Thou shalt safeguard thy fields from soil erosion, thy living waters from drying up, thy forests from desolation, and protect thy hills from overgrazing by the herds, - that thy descendants may have abundance forever. - If any shall fail in this stewardship of the land, thy fruitful fields shall become sterile stony ground or wasting gullies, and thy descendants shall decrease and live in poverty or perish from off the face of the earth. Sustainable Systems: - Regenerative in nature through ecological interdependence and partnerships, - Based on families, vibrant local communities and a philosophy of intergenerational equity, - Generate appropriate wealth through work, - Foster a commerce with morality, and - Provide leadership for politics with principles.