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WHI.05: Ancient Greece: Golden Age to Hellenism WHI.05: The student will demonstrate knowledge of ancient Greece in terms of its impact on Western civilization by Notes a) evaluating the significance of the Peloponnesian War; b) characterizing life in Athens during the golden Age of Pericles; c) citing contributions in drama, poetry, history, sculpture, architecture, science, mathematics, and philosophy, with emphasis on Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle; d) explaining the conquest of Greece by Macedonia and the spread of Hellenistic culture by Alexander the Great WHI.05: Ancient Greece: Golden Age to Hellenism 69 Essential Understandings of Ancient Greece, Golden Age to Hellenism 1. Competition between Sparta and Athens for control of Greece helped cause the Peloponnesian War 2. Athenian culture during the Classic Era, became one of the foundation stones of Western civilization 3. The Macedonian conquest of Greece followed the weakening of Greek defenses during the Peloponnesian Wars 4. Alexander the Great adopted Greek culture and spread Hellenistic influences throughout his vast empire Essential Questions about Ancient Greece, Golden Age to Hellenism 1. Why was the Peloponnesian War important to the spread of Greek culture? 2. Why was the leadership of Pericles important to the development of Athenian life and Greek culture? 3. What were some important contributions of Greek culture to Western civilization? 4. How did the empire of Alexander the Great establish a basis for the spread of Hellenistic culture? Why do I need to know this? 1. At its height, Greece set lasting standards in art, politics, literature, and philosophy that are still adhered to today. 2. Alexander’s empire extended across three continents that today consist of many nations and diverse cultures. 3. Western civilization today continues to be influenced by Greek and Hellenistic cultures. Notes WHI.05: Ancient Greece: Golden Age to Hellenism 70 Greece’s Golden Age Pericles’ Three Goals for Athens 1. 2. 3. Greek Sculpture 1. 2. 3. 4. Greek Columns 1. 2. 3. Greek Drama 1. 2. 3. Notes create a stronger democracy – increased the number of paid public officials, so more poor people were able to participate a. direct democracy – a form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives b. made Athens one of the most democratic governments in history hold and strengthen the Athenian empire – used money from the Delian League’s treasury to build Athens’ 200-ship navy into the strongest in the Mediterranean glorify Athens – used the money from the Delian League to rebuild and beautify Athens a. took 15 years to build the Parthenon – temple dedicated to Athena classical art – values order, balance, and proportion within the Parthenon stood a giant statue of Athena (over 38 feet tall), sculpted by Phidias sculptors created figures that were graceful, strong, and perfectly formed – did not show laughter or anger, only serenity tried to capture the grace of the idealized human body in motion Doric – the simplest of the Greek columns, has 20 sides and no base Ionic – a little more decorative and taller than Doric; has 24 flutes – carved lines from the top to the bottom; has two scrolls (swirls) at the top and it has a base; isn’t straight – it’s narrower at the top and bottom and swells a little in the middle Corinthian – most decorative of the columns; has 24 flutes and a base like the Ionic; has four scrolls and two rows of leaves at the top; roofs are usually flat invented drama built the first theaters in the west Tragedy – a serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war, or betrayal a. famous tragedians – Aeschylus (The Oresteia), Sophocles (Oedipus Rex) and Euripedes (Medea) Comedy – contained scenes filled with slapstick situations and crude humor a. famous comedian – Aristophanes (The Birds and Lysistrata) WHI.05: Ancient Greece: Golden Age to Hellenism 71 Greek Columns DIRECTIONS: Using your notes, correctly name each type of column and label the parts. . DIRECTIONS: Using your notes, fill in the ovals for Pericles’s goals for Athens, then answer the question at the bottom of the page. Pericles’s Goals for Athens Which of these goals had the greatest impact on the modern world (specifically the US)? Why? Notes WHI.05: Ancient Greece: Golden Age to Hellenism 72 Peloponnesian War Sparta v. Athens 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Sparta declared war against Athens in 431 B.C. Athens had the strongest sea power in Greece, Sparta had the advantage on land Pericles’s strategy was to avoid land battles and wait behind the city walls for an opportunity to strike Sparta’s allies from the sea grain boats carried in the plague and it killed roughly one-third to one-half of Athens’s population, including Pericles Athens suffered a huge defeat at Syracuse (one of Sparta’s allies) Athens surrendered in 404 B.C. Athens lost its empire and general confidence in democratic government began to falter Philosophers Search for Truth Socrates 1. 2. 3. 4. Plato Aristotle Notes 1. 2. believed that absolute standards did exist for truth and justice encouraged Greeks to go further and question themselves and their moral character when he was 70 years old, he was brought to trial for “corrupting the youth of Athens” and “neglecting the city’s gods.” condemned to death 3. one of Socrates’ students wrote The Republic – sets forth his vision of the perfectly governed society, an oligarchy and that society should be ruled by a philosopher king founded a school called The Academy 1. 2. 3. 4. one of Plato’s students invented a method for arguing according to the rules of logic worked in the fields of psychology, physics and biology his most famous pupil will be Alexander the Great WHI.05: Ancient Greece: Golden Age to Hellenism 73 Alexander the Great Builds an Empire Illustrated Timeline DIRECTIONS: Using the timeline at the top of page 131 in your book, fill in the important events on the timeline. Then pick one of the events and draw a picture to represent that event at the bottom of the page. Notes 336 BC 334 BC 327 BC 323 BC WHI.05: Ancient Greece: Golden Age to Hellenism 74 Alexander the Great Philip II 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ruled a Greek speaking country to the north of Greece called Macedonia dreamed of taking control of Greece and taking revenge on the Persians for invading Greece the Athenian orator Demosthenes tried to warn the Greeks of the Macedonian threat Philip conquered Greece in 338 BC never got the chance to invade Persia (assassinated at his daughter’s wedding) Alexander the Great 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 7. 8. became king at 20 years old; studied under Aristotle excellent military leader invaded Persia and smashed the Persian army at every battle; Persians led by Darius III marched into Egypt where he was welcomed as a liberator and crowned a pharaoh a. founded the city of Alexandria Alexander’s victory at Gaugamela ended Persia’s power a. found Darius III dead, assassinated by one of his own governors Alexander’s empire reached all the way to India Alexander’s army refused to go any further, so they returned to Babylon in 323 B.C., Alexander died and his top three generals divided up the empire 1. 2. 3. 4. thousands of Greek artists, merchants, and officials followed him during his conquests Alexander adopted Persian dress and customs and married a Persian woman included Persians and people from other lands in his army a new culture emerged from the blend of Greek, Egyptian and Eastern customs 5. Alexander’s Legacy Notes WHI.05: Ancient Greece: Golden Age to Hellenism 75 Alexander the Great's Empire Notes WHI.05: Ancient Greece: Golden Age to Hellenism 76 Spread of Hellenistic Culture Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria 1. 2. 3. Astronomy 1. 2. Math and Science 1. 2. 3. 4. Notes Hellenistic culture – blending of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian cultures Location – occupied a strategic site on the western edge of the Nile delta a. population exceeded over half million; Greeks, Jews, Egyptian mingled with visitors from the rest of Africa, Persia and India attractions a. broad avenues were lined with statues of Greek gods b. magnificent royal palaces overlooked the harbor c. an enormous stone lighthouse called the Pharos d. a museum that contained art galleries, a zoo, botanical gardens and even a dining hall e. the library – contained over half a million papyrus scrolls and was the first true research library in the world Aristarchus estimated that the sun was 300 times larger than the earth (1,300,000 times the size of the earth a. proposed the earth and other planets revolved around the sun Ptolemy incorrectly place the earth at the center of the solar system and his view will be accepted for 14 centuries Euclid – highly regarded mathematician who opened a school of geometry in Alexandria Pythagoras - philosopher, musician, and mathematician who is credited with the 2 2 2 formulation of the Pythagorean theorem (a + b =c ) Archimedes – explained the law of the lever and invented the compound pulley to lift heavy objects a. also invented the Archimedes screw, a device that raised water from the ground, and a catapult Hippocrates - known as the father of Western medicine; founded a school of medicine; made medicine its own distinct field (earlier it was part of religion); attributed with establishing an ethical code in practicing medicine WHI.05: Ancient Greece: Golden Age to Hellenism 77 The Legacy of Greece DIRECTIONS: Copy the “Visual Summary” from page 136 of your book into the chart below. Make the chart colorful by outlining the boxe3s, highlighting the information, etc. Government Arts Greek Civilization Culture Notes Science and Technology WHI.05: Ancient Greece: Golden Age to Hellenism 78 Spread of Hellenistic Culture Historians 1. 2. Sculpture Notes 1. 2. 3. Herodotus - father of history; first historian to systematically collect data and test materials for accuracy a. wrote The Histories, which tells about the Persian Wars Thucydides - wrote about the Peloponnesian War; father of political realism which describes the relations between countries as based on military strength rather than ethics and morals Colossus of Rhodes – bronze statue that stood over 100 feet tall created realistic and emotional works; also created more natural works carved ordinary people such as an old, wrinkled peasant woman WHI.05: Ancient Greece: Golden Age to Hellenism 79 Summary DIRECTIONS: Choose one of the following: a) write a summary (25-75 words) of what you believe was the most important aspect of the notes/lecture b) write what you believe to be the most interesting or memorable part of the notes/lecture (25-75 words) c) draw something that symbolizes the notes/lecture to you (has to be different than your title page) Notes WHI.05: Ancient Greece: Golden Age to Hellenism 80 Name: WHI.05 (1): Ancient Greece DIRECTIONS: Check the agenda slide for the bellringer at the beginning of class and the closer at the end of class. You do not have to copy down the question, but you do have to write in complete sentences. If you are absent on a day we do a bellringer and closer, please write in the word ABSENT for that day. Bellringers Closing Activity Date: Date: Date: Notes WHI.05: Ancient Greece: Golden Age to Hellenism 81 Name: WHI.05 (1): Ancient Greece DIRECTIONS: Check the agenda slide for the bellringer at the beginning of class and the closer at the end of class. You do not have to copy down the question, but you do have to write in complete sentences. If you are absent on a day we do a bellringer and closer, please write in the word ABSENT for that day. Bellringers Closing Activity Date: Date: Date: Notes WHI.05: Ancient Greece: Golden Age to Hellenism 82