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mad17743_ch18.qxd 3/10/06 1:53 PM Page 153 18 LAND ENVIRONMENT: PLANTS AND FUNGI CHAPTER REVIEW This chapter covers the diversity of plants from an evolutionary perspective. It associates the four major groups of plants: nonvascular plants (e.g., mosses), seedless vascular plants (e.g., ferns), gymnosperms (e.g., pine trees), and angiosperms (flowering plants) with four adaptations of plants to a land environment. This chapter also discusses the fungi with emphasis on their ecological, economic, and medical importance. CHAPTER KEY TERMS After studying the key terms of this chapter, match the following phrases with the alphabetized list of terms. alternation of generations mycorrhizal fungi angiosperm nonvascular plant conifer ovule cotyledon pollen grain endosperm saprotroph flower seed fruit spore fungi sporophyte gametophyte stamen gymnosperm vascular plant lichen vascular tissue mycelium a. bryophyte _______________________ b. cone-bearing gymnosperm _______________________ c. life cycle of plants _______________________ d. mature ovule that contains a sporophyte with stored food enclosed by a protective coat _______________________ e. fern, gymnosperms, and angiosperms _______________________ f. woody seed plant; seeds usually borne in cones _______________________ g. haploid generation of the alternation of generations of a plant _______________________ h. haploid reproductive cell _______________________ i. structure where the megaspore becomes an egg-producing female gametophyte _______________________ j. fungus that grows on the roots of plants _______________________ k. formed as a result of a sperm joining with two polar nuclei _______________________ l. seed leaf for embryo of a flowering plant _______________________ m. flowering plant _______________________ n. portion of the flower that consists of a filament and an anther _______________________ o. transport tissue in plants consisting of xylem and phloem _______________________ p. sperm-producing male gametophyte in seed plants _______________________ q. mass of hyphae _______________________ 153 mad17743_ch18.qxd 3/16/06 8:30 AM Page 154 r. structure that forms from an ovary enclosing seeds in flowering plants _______________________ s. fungi and algae coexisting in a symbiotic relationship _______________________ t. heterotroph that externally digests dead organic matter before absorbing the products _______________________ u. reproductive organ that contains the structures for the production of pollen grains and covered seeds _______________________ v. saprotrophic decomposer _______________________ w. diploid generation of the alternation of generations of a plant _______________________ S T U DY E X E R C I S E S Study the text section by section as you answer the questions that follow. 18.1 ONTO LAND (PP. 284–287) • Plants are adapted to living on land. Their closest present-day relatives are the green algae, which are adapted to living in water. • All plants undergo a cycle termed alternation of generations, and therefore they exist in two forms. 1. Match the evolutionary events to the following major plant group representatives (the groups can be used more than once): 1. fern 2. moss 3. flowering plants 4. pine tree a. Seeds disperse offspring. b. development of internal embryo c. seeds enclosed in fruits d. embryo protected by a special structure 2. Match the evolutionary events to the following adaptations for a land existence. Place the appropriate letter next to each statement: S—seeds, IE—internal embryo, F—flower, VT— vascular tissue a. b. c. d. dispersal of sporophyte protection of desiccation of the embryo conduction of water and solutes through the plant reproductive structure that attracts pollinators 3. Label the following diagram of the alternation of generations and answer the questions on the next page. Mitosis b. (2n) a. (2n) (2n) c. (2n) d. FERTILIZATION MEIOSIS e. (n) (n) (n) f. Mitosis 154 Mitosis h. (n) g. mad17743_ch18.qxd 3/10/06 1:53 PM Page 155 i. Which generation produces spores by meiosis? ______________________________________________________ j. Which generation produces gametes? ______________________________________________________________ k. In animals, meiosis produces gametes. In plants, meiosis produces ___________________________________. l. How does a unicellular spore get to be the gametophyte generation? ___________________________________ m. How does the zygote get to be the sporophyte generation? _______________________________________ n. Why is the diagram divided into a diploid half and a haploid half? ____________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ o. During the evolution of plants, the sporophyte generation becomes dominant. Why is this event an adaptation to life on land? __________________________________________________________________________ 18.2 DIVERSITY OF PLANTS (PP. 287–295) NONVASCULAR PLANTS (P. 287) • Nonvascular plants, such as mosses, lack well-developed conducting tissues. 4. Label the following diagram of the moss life cycle using these terms: gametophyte generation produces gametes sporophyte generation produces spores flagellated sperm a. b. spores 5. Indicate which of these moss characteristics is an adaptation to life on land: a. flagellated sperm b. windblown spores c. no vascular tissue d. gametophyte dominant 155 mad17743_ch18.qxd 3/10/06 1:53 PM Page 156 VASCULAR PLANTS (PP. 288–290) • The life cycle of a fern demonstrates the reproductive strategies of most seedless vascular plants. 6. Label the following diagram of part of the fern life cycle using the terms and then answer the questions: antheridium a. archegonium gametophyte sporophyte leaflet fronds sporangium Sorus indusium zygote MEIOSIS diploid (2n) FERTILIZATION haploid (n) Spores egg b. flagellated sperm prothallus (underside) germinating spore c. d. e. The sporophyte generation of a fern is large leaves called ____________________________________________. f. The gametophyte generation of a fern is a heart-shaped structure called a ___________________________. 7. a. Compared to mosses (see question 5), what two characteristics of ferns indicate that ferns have more adaptations to life on land? 1. _________________________ 2. _________________________ b. What characteristic found in both mosses and ferns is a decided disadvantage to life on land? ________________________________________ 156 mad17743_ch18.qxd 3/16/06 8:30 AM Page 157 Seed Plants ( P. 290) 8. Label the following diagram using the alphabetized list of terms and then answer the questions: female gametophyte male gametophyte megaspore mother cell microspore microspore mother cell ovule pollen grain a. b. c. diploid (2n) pollen tube sperm d. meiosis pollination pollen tube egg pollen grains meiosis f. megaspores stored food seed coat embryo fertilization Embryo in seed e. g. Pine seed cone h. Seed plants, in contrast to seedless plants, produce two kinds of spores. Name the two types. _____________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ i. Seed plants, in contrast to seedless plants, produce two kinds of gametophytes. Name the two gametophytes. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ j. Which gametophyte is windblown in pines? ________________________________________________________ k. Which gametophyte is always protected within sporophyte tissue? ____________________________________ l. In seed plants, the ovule becomes the ______________________________________________________________ 9. a. Which generation is dependent in seed plants? __________________ b. Does the sporophyte generation have vascular tissue? ____________________ c. What structure in seed plants makes flagellated sperm unnecessary? ___________________ d. What structure disperses offspring in seed plants? ____________________ 10. Label the following diagram, showing seed anatomy: a. b. c. 157 mad17743_ch18.qxd 3/10/06 1:53 PM Page 158 GYMNOSPERMS (P. 291) • The gymnosperms are seed plants well represented by conifers, cone-bearing plants. 11. The term gymnosperms means a. _____________________________________________. b. ________________________ include pines, spruces, firs, cedars, hemlocks, redwoods, and cypresses. These plants bear two types of c. _______________; a d. ____________________ cone, which is the male, and a e. ____________________ cone, which is the female. f. _______________ protects leaves and other parts of the tree, some of which is harvested for use as turpentine. ANGIOSPERMS (PP. 292–295) • The reproductive structure of angiosperms, which are also seed plants, is the flower. • Much of the diversity among flowers comes from specialization for certain pollinators. 12. Label the following diagram of a generalized flower using the listed terms: anther Petals filament a. ovary ovule b. stigma style Stamens s f. e. d. c c. Sepals (calyx) x) Carpel Study the following diagram of the life cycle of a flowering plant and then answer question 13: Ovary becomes fruit. FERTILIZATION 158 MEIOSIS mad17743_ch18.qxd 3/10/06 1:53 PM Page 159 13. The flowering plant is the flower, the a. _____________________________________________ generation. Within the ovary of a b. ____________________ contains an c. ____________________________. The d. ____________________ contains pollen sacs. As a result of pollination, a e. ____________________ is formed, carrying f. ____________________ sperm to the g. ____________________, which contains the egg. The ovule is now called a h. ____________________, which contains the i. ____________________ and stored food, as a result of j. ____________________ fertilization. 14. Complete the following table to compare the different plants: Plant Vascular Tissue (yes or no) Dominant Generation Spores or Seeds Disperse Species Fruit (yes or no) Mosses Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms 18.3 THE FUNGI (PP. 296–301) • Fungi are multicellular eukaryotes different in their biology from both plants and animals. • Fungi are saprotrophs, and like the decomposing bacteria, they keep ecological cycles functioning in the biosphere. • Fungi enter significant mutualistic relationships. • Fungi are also important for their commercial services and as a source of food. 15. Complete the following table to compare fungi with plants and animals: Feature Fungi Plants Animals Nutrition Movement Adult chromosome number Cell wall Reproduction 159 mad17743_ch18.qxd 3/16/06 8:30 AM Page 160 16. Study the following diagram of the life cycle of black bread mold and place the letters on the appropriate lines. _____ asexual reproduction _____ sporangium _____ fertilization _____ thick-walled zygospore _____ meiosis _____ windblown spores _____ mycelium _____ zygote _____ sexual reproduction begins b. a. ×50 j. c. diploid (2n) haploid (n) d. i. e. + mating type h. f. g. – mating type 17. In the life cycle of a mushroom, the shaped structures called a. _____________________________________________, b. ____________________, is where Beneath each mushroom is a dikaryotic d. ____________________ 18. Label the following diagram of a lichen, using these terms: algal cells a. b. fungal hyphae 160 which contains club- c. ____________________________ are produced. that exists for years. mad17743_ch18.qxd 3/10/06 1:53 PM Page 161 19. a. ____________________ (fungus and roots), d. ____________________ roots, b. ____________________ relationships help plants acquire 20. Cutaneous diseases such as a. ____________________ and called between a(n) c. ____________________ e. ____________________ nutrients. b. ____________________, caused by fungi, are c. ____________________. 21. Over 40 million people have a systemic infection called histoplasmosis, a fungus found in ____________. 22. A form of vaginitis and oral thrush are caused by ____________________ fungi. K E Y WO R D C RO S S WO R D Review key terms by completing this crossword puzzle using the following alphabetized list of terms: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 8 angiosperm cotyledon double fertilization filament gametophyte gymnosperm mycelium ovary ovule phloem pollen grain xylem 11 12 Across 1 one sperm joins with polar nuclei within the embryo sac, and another sperm joins with an egg to produce a zygote 5 flowering plant; the seeds are borne within a fruit 9 vascular tissue that transports water and mineral solutes upward through the plant body 10 haploid generation of the alternation of generations life cycle of a plant; it produces gametes that unite to form a diploid zygote 11 vascular plant producing naked seeds, as in conifers 12 seed leaf for embryo of a flowering plant Down 2 structure where the megaspore becomes an eggproducing female gametophyte 3 elongated stalk of a stamen 4 vascular tissue that conducts organic solutes in plants; it contains sieve-tube cells and companion cells 6 base of the pistil that protects ovules and, along with associated tissues, becomes a fruit 7 male gametophyte in seed plants 8 tangled mass of hyphal filaments composing the vegetative body of a fungus 161 mad17743_ch18.qxd 3/10/06 1:53 PM Page 162 CHAPTER TEST OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS Do not refer to the text when taking this test. 1. Select the incorrect association. a. gametophyte—diploid generation b. gametophyte—produces sex cells c. sporophyte—diploid generation d. sporophyte—produces haploid spores 2. Select the nonvascular plant. a. moss b. cycad c. fern d. rosebush 3. The antheridium is part of the a. female gametophyte. b. megasporophyte. c. male gametophyte. d. microsporophyte. 4. Xylem and phloem are a. the covering tissues on roots, stems, and leaves. b. the male and female parts of a flower. c. two kinds of flowering plants. d. two types of vascular tissue. 5. Ferns are plants that are a. nonvascular with seeds. b. nonvascular without seeds. c. vascular with seeds. d. vascular without seeds. 6. Which structure develops into a pollen grain? a. antheridium b. archegonium c. megaspore d. microspore 7. Select the characteristic NOT descriptive of conifers. a. can withstand cold winters b. can withstand hot summers c. needlelike leaves d. reproduce through flowers 8. Select the incorrect statement about angiosperms. a. contain only tracheids in their vascular tissue b. did not diversify until the Cenozoic era c. include tiny plants living on pond surfaces d. the most successful group of plants 9. The fern is a seedless vascular plant and a. is a moss. b. has flagellated sperm. c. lacks vascular tissue. d. All of these are correct. 10. The dominant generation in seed plants is the a. sporophyte. b. gametophyte. c. green leafy shoot. d. flower only. 162 11. Ferns are restricted to moist places because a. of the sporophyte generation called the frond. b. of a sensitive type of chlorophyll. c. of the water-dependent gametophyte generation. d. they never grow very tall. 12. Double fertilization refers to the fact that in angiosperms a. two egg cells are fertilized within an ovule. b. a sperm nucleus fuses with an egg cell and with polar nuclei. c. two sperm are required for fertilization of one egg cell. d. a flower can engage in both self-pollination and cross-pollination. 13. In which of these groups is the gametophyte nutritionally dependent upon the sporophyte? a. ferns b. angiosperms c. gymnosperms d. Both b and c are correct. e. All of these are correct. 14. In pine trees, ______ develop in separate types of cones. a. male gametophytes and female gametophytes b. pollen and ovules c. microspores and megaspores d. Both a and b are correct. e. All of these are correct. 15. Most fungi a. are plant parasites. b. form mycorrhizas. c. are saprotrophic. d. are unicellular. 16. Which term is mismatched? a. hyphae—mycelium b. ascocarp—fruiting body c. basidiospore—sporangium d. zygomycete—bread mold 17. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of lichens? a. soil formers b. algal cells and fungal hyphae c. form a type of moss d. can live in extreme conditions 18. A fruiting body is a. a special type of vacuole found in fungi. b. a symbiotic relationship between algae and bacteria. c. a reproductive structure found in fungi. d. always the same shape. mad17743_ch18.qxd 3/16/06 8:30 AM Page 163 19. Sexual reproduction in a bread mold involves the production of a. a sperm and an egg. b. flagellated zoospores. c. zygospores. d. fruiting bodies. 20. In a mushroom, the _______ is (are) analogous to the asci of a sac fungus. a. stalk b. cap c. basidia d. spores CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS The introduction to this chapter discusses the contribution of plants to our modern society. 21. Considering the services of plants, give two reasons it could be said that modern society runs on solar energy. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 22. Considering that farmers today use farming machinery, why could it be said that the food we eat is dependent on fossil fuel energy? _______________________________________________________________________________________ 23. Considering that we use electricity to prepare and cook our food, are we contributing to the fact that, without fossil fuel energy, not enough food will be available to feed our society? _____________________________________ Test Results: ______ number correct ÷ 23 = ______ × 100 = ______ % EXPLORING THE INTERNET ARIS, the Essentials of Biology website: http://www.mhhe.com/maderessentials ARIS, the website for Essentials of Biology, offers access to a wide variety of tools to help students learn biological concepts and to reinforce their knowledge. Online study aids such as practice quizzes, interactive activities, animations, labeling exercises, flashcards, and much more are organized according to the major sections of each chapter. There is even an online tutorial service! ANSWER KEY CHAPTER KEY TERMS a. nonvascular plant b. conifer c. alternation of generations d. seed e. vascular plant f. gymnosperm g. gametophyte h. spore i. ovule j. mycorrhizal fungi k. endosperm l. cotyledon m. angiosperm n. stamen o. vascular tissue p. pollen grain q. mycelium r. fruit s. lichen t. saprotroph u. flower v. fungi w. sporophyte STUDY EXERCISES 1. a. 3, 4 b. 1, 2, 3, 4 c. 3 d. 1, 2, 3, 4 2. a. S b. IE c. VT d. F 3. a. sporophyte b. zygote c. sporangium d. diploid e. haploid f. gametes g. spore h. gametophyte i. sporophyte j. gametophyte k. spores l. growth and mitosis m. growth and mitosis n. Fertilization produces diploid cells and meiosis produces haploid cells. o. Sporo- phyte has vascular tissue. 4. a. gametophyte generation b. sporophyte generation produces spores 5. b 6. a. sporophyte b. archegonium c. antheridium d. gametophyte e. fronds f. prothallus 7. a. 1. vascular tissue 2. sporophyte dominant b. flagellated sperm 8. a. microspore mother cell b. microspore c. pollen grains d. male gametophyte e. megaspore mother cell f. ovule g. female gametophyte h. microspore, megaspore i. male, female j. male k. female l. seed 9. a. gametophyte b. yes c. pollen grain d. seed 10. a. seed coat b. embryo c. stored food 11. a. naked seeds b. Conifers c. cones d. pollen e. seed f. Resin 12. a. anther b. filament c. ovule d. ovary e. style f. stigma 13. a. sporophyte b. ovule c. embryo sac d. anther e. pollen tube f. two g. embryo sac h. seed i. embryo j. double 163 mad17743_ch18.qxd 3/10/06 1:53 PM Page 164 14. Vascular Tissue (yes or no) Dominant Generation Spores or Seeds Disperse Species Fruit (yes or no) No Gametophyte Spores No Yes Sporophyte Spores No Yes Sporophyte Seeds No Yes Sporophyte Seeds Yes 15. Fungi Plants Animals Chemoheterotrophic by absorption Photosynthetic Chemoheterotrophic by ingestion Nonmotile Nonmotile Motile Haploid Haploid/diploid Diploid Composed of chitin Composed of cellulose No cell wall Spores Spores/gametes Gametes 16. a. zygote b. thick-walled zygospore c. meiosis d. windblown spores e. asexual reproduction f. asexual reproduction g. mycelium h. sexual reproduction i. sporangium 17. a. fruiting body b. basidia c. spores d. mycelium 18. a. fungal hyphae b. algal cells 19. a. Mycorrhizas b. mutualistic c. fungus d. plant e. inorganic 20. a. athlete’s foot b. ringworm c. tineas 21. bird droppings 22. Candida KEYWORD CROSSWORD 1 D 2 O U B L 3 E V F E R T N G I I L O S I Z A P E R T I 4 U P L 5 L H A 6 7 8 M 9 E X Y L E O M V O Y E A L C L E E L N E R 10 G A M E T O P H Y T N I U G M 11 G Y M N O S P E R A I 12 C 164 O T Y L E D O N M I O N CHAPTER TEST 1. a 2. a 3. c 4. d 5. d 6. d 7. d 8. a 9. b 10. a 11. c 12. b 13. d 14. e 15. c 16. c 17. c 18. c 19. c 20. c 21. Because plants use solar energy to photosynthesize. Plants become the coal we often use to generate electricity. 22. Mechanized machinery runs on gasoline, derived from a fossil fuel. 23. Yes, we contribute.