Download LAND ENVIRONMENT: PLANTS AND FUNGI

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18
LAND ENVIRONMENT:
PLANTS AND FUNGI
CHAPTER REVIEW
This chapter covers the diversity of plants from an evolutionary perspective. It associates the four major groups
of plants: nonvascular plants (e.g., mosses), seedless vascular plants (e.g., ferns), gymnosperms (e.g., pine trees),
and angiosperms (flowering plants) with four adaptations of plants to a land environment.
This chapter also discusses the fungi with emphasis
on their ecological, economic, and medical importance.
CHAPTER KEY TERMS
After studying the key terms of this chapter, match the following phrases with the alphabetized list of terms.
alternation of generations
mycorrhizal fungi
angiosperm
nonvascular plant
conifer
ovule
cotyledon
pollen grain
endosperm
saprotroph
flower
seed
fruit
spore
fungi
sporophyte
gametophyte
stamen
gymnosperm
vascular plant
lichen
vascular tissue
mycelium
a. bryophyte _______________________
b. cone-bearing gymnosperm _______________________
c. life cycle of plants _______________________
d. mature ovule that contains a sporophyte with stored food enclosed by a protective coat _______________________
e. fern, gymnosperms, and angiosperms _______________________
f. woody seed plant; seeds usually borne in cones _______________________
g. haploid generation of the alternation of generations of a plant _______________________
h. haploid reproductive cell _______________________
i. structure where the megaspore becomes an egg-producing female gametophyte _______________________
j. fungus that grows on the roots of plants _______________________
k. formed as a result of a sperm joining with two polar nuclei _______________________
l. seed leaf for embryo of a flowering plant _______________________
m. flowering plant _______________________
n. portion of the flower that consists of a filament and an anther _______________________
o. transport tissue in plants consisting of xylem and phloem _______________________
p. sperm-producing male gametophyte in seed plants _______________________
q. mass of hyphae _______________________
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r. structure that forms from an ovary enclosing seeds in flowering plants _______________________
s. fungi and algae coexisting in a symbiotic relationship _______________________
t. heterotroph that externally digests dead organic matter before absorbing the products _______________________
u. reproductive organ that contains the structures for the production of pollen grains and covered seeds
_______________________
v. saprotrophic decomposer _______________________
w. diploid generation of the alternation of generations of a plant _______________________
S T U DY E X E R C I S E S
Study the text section by section as you answer the questions that follow.
18.1 ONTO LAND (PP. 284–287)
• Plants are adapted to living on land. Their closest present-day relatives are the green algae, which are adapted
to living in water.
• All plants undergo a cycle termed alternation of generations, and therefore they exist in two forms.
1. Match the evolutionary events to the following major plant group representatives (the groups can be used
more than once):
1. fern
2. moss
3. flowering plants
4. pine tree
a.
Seeds disperse offspring.
b.
development of internal embryo
c.
seeds enclosed in fruits
d.
embryo protected by a special structure
2. Match the evolutionary events to the following adaptations for a land existence. Place the appropriate letter
next to each statement:
S—seeds, IE—internal embryo, F—flower, VT— vascular tissue
a.
b.
c.
d.
dispersal of sporophyte
protection of desiccation of the embryo
conduction of water and solutes through the plant
reproductive structure that attracts pollinators
3. Label the following diagram of the alternation of
generations and answer the questions
on the next page.
Mitosis
b.
(2n)
a.
(2n)
(2n)
c.
(2n)
d.
FERTILIZATION
MEIOSIS
e.
(n)
(n)
(n)
f.
Mitosis
154
Mitosis
h.
(n)
g.
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i. Which generation produces spores by meiosis? ______________________________________________________
j. Which generation produces gametes? ______________________________________________________________
k. In animals, meiosis produces gametes. In plants, meiosis produces ___________________________________.
l. How does a unicellular spore get to be the gametophyte generation? ___________________________________
m. How does the zygote get to be the sporophyte generation? _______________________________________
n. Why is the diagram divided into a diploid half and a haploid half? ____________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
o. During the evolution of plants, the sporophyte generation becomes dominant. Why is this event an
adaptation to life on land? __________________________________________________________________________
18.2 DIVERSITY
OF
PLANTS (PP. 287–295)
NONVASCULAR PLANTS (P. 287)
• Nonvascular plants, such as mosses, lack well-developed conducting tissues.
4. Label the following diagram of the moss life cycle using these terms:
gametophyte generation produces gametes
sporophyte generation produces spores
flagellated
sperm
a.
b.
spores
5. Indicate which of these moss characteristics is an adaptation to life on land:
a.
flagellated sperm
b.
windblown spores
c.
no vascular tissue
d.
gametophyte dominant
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VASCULAR PLANTS (PP. 288–290)
• The life cycle of a fern demonstrates the reproductive strategies of most seedless vascular plants.
6. Label the following diagram of part of the fern life cycle using the terms and then answer the questions:
antheridium
a.
archegonium
gametophyte
sporophyte
leaflet
fronds
sporangium
Sorus
indusium
zygote
MEIOSIS
diploid (2n)
FERTILIZATION
haploid (n)
Spores
egg
b.
flagellated
sperm
prothallus
(underside)
germinating
spore
c.
d.
e. The sporophyte generation of a fern is large leaves called ____________________________________________.
f. The gametophyte generation of a fern is a heart-shaped structure called a ___________________________.
7. a. Compared to mosses (see question 5), what two characteristics of ferns indicate that ferns have more
adaptations to life on land?
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
b. What characteristic found in both mosses and ferns is a decided disadvantage to life on land?
________________________________________
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Seed Plants ( P. 290)
8. Label the following diagram using the alphabetized list of terms and then answer the questions:
female gametophyte
male gametophyte
megaspore mother cell
microspore
microspore mother cell
ovule
pollen grain
a.
b.
c.
diploid (2n)
pollen tube
sperm
d.
meiosis
pollination
pollen
tube
egg
pollen grains
meiosis
f.
megaspores
stored
food
seed
coat
embryo
fertilization
Embryo in seed
e.
g.
Pine seed cone
h. Seed plants, in contrast to seedless plants, produce two kinds of spores. Name the two types. _____________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
i. Seed plants, in contrast to seedless plants, produce two kinds of gametophytes. Name the two gametophytes.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
j. Which gametophyte is windblown in pines? ________________________________________________________
k. Which gametophyte is always protected within sporophyte tissue? ____________________________________
l. In seed plants, the ovule becomes the ______________________________________________________________
9. a. Which generation is dependent in seed plants? __________________
b. Does the sporophyte generation have vascular tissue? ____________________
c. What structure in seed plants makes flagellated sperm unnecessary? ___________________
d. What structure disperses offspring in seed plants? ____________________
10. Label the following diagram, showing seed anatomy:
a.
b.
c.
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GYMNOSPERMS (P. 291)
• The gymnosperms are seed plants well represented by conifers, cone-bearing plants.
11. The term gymnosperms means
a. _____________________________________________. b. ________________________
include pines, spruces, firs, cedars, hemlocks, redwoods, and cypresses. These plants bear two types of
c. _______________;
a d. ____________________ cone, which is the male, and a e. ____________________ cone,
which is the female. f. _______________ protects leaves and other parts of the tree, some of which is harvested
for use as turpentine.
ANGIOSPERMS (PP. 292–295)
• The reproductive structure of angiosperms, which are also seed plants, is the flower.
• Much of the diversity among flowers comes from specialization for certain pollinators.
12. Label the following diagram of a generalized flower using the listed terms:
anther
Petals
filament
a.
ovary
ovule
b.
stigma
style
Stamens
s
f.
e.
d.
c
c.
Sepals (calyx)
x)
Carpel
Study the following diagram of the life cycle of a flowering plant and then answer question 13:
Ovary becomes fruit.
FERTILIZATION
158
MEIOSIS
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13. The flowering plant is the
flower, the
a. _____________________________________________ generation.
Within the ovary of a
b. ____________________ contains an c. ____________________________. The d. ____________________
contains pollen sacs. As a result of pollination, a e. ____________________ is formed, carrying
f. ____________________
sperm to the g. ____________________, which contains the egg. The ovule is now called
a h. ____________________, which contains the i. ____________________ and stored food, as a result of
j. ____________________
fertilization.
14. Complete the following table to compare the different plants:
Plant
Vascular Tissue
(yes or no)
Dominant Generation
Spores or Seeds
Disperse Species
Fruit
(yes or no)
Mosses
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
18.3 THE FUNGI (PP. 296–301)
• Fungi are multicellular eukaryotes different in their biology from both plants and animals.
• Fungi are saprotrophs, and like the decomposing bacteria, they keep ecological cycles functioning in the
biosphere.
• Fungi enter significant mutualistic relationships.
• Fungi are also important for their commercial services and as a source of food.
15. Complete the following table to compare fungi with plants and animals:
Feature
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Nutrition
Movement
Adult chromosome
number
Cell wall
Reproduction
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16. Study the following diagram of the life cycle of black bread mold and place the letters on the appropriate
lines.
_____ asexual reproduction
_____ sporangium
_____ fertilization
_____ thick-walled zygospore
_____ meiosis
_____ windblown spores
_____ mycelium
_____ zygote
_____ sexual reproduction begins
b.
a.
×50
j.
c.
diploid (2n)
haploid (n)
d.
i.
e.
+ mating type
h.
f.
g.
– mating type
17. In the life cycle of a mushroom, the
shaped structures called
a. _____________________________________________,
b. ____________________,
is where
Beneath each mushroom is a dikaryotic d. ____________________
18. Label the following diagram of a lichen, using these terms:
algal cells
a.
b.
fungal hyphae
160
which contains club-
c. ____________________________ are produced.
that exists for years.
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19.
a. ____________________ (fungus
and
roots),
d. ____________________ roots,
b. ____________________ relationships
help plants acquire
20. Cutaneous diseases such as a. ____________________ and
called
between a(n)
c. ____________________
e. ____________________ nutrients.
b. ____________________,
caused by fungi, are
c. ____________________.
21. Over 40 million people have a systemic infection called histoplasmosis, a fungus found in ____________.
22. A form of vaginitis and oral thrush are caused by ____________________ fungi.
K E Y WO R D C RO S S WO R D
Review key terms by completing this crossword puzzle using the following alphabetized list of terms:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
10
8
angiosperm
cotyledon
double fertilization
filament
gametophyte
gymnosperm
mycelium
ovary
ovule
phloem
pollen grain
xylem
11
12
Across
1 one sperm joins with polar nuclei within the embryo sac, and another sperm joins with an egg to
produce a zygote
5 flowering plant; the seeds are borne within a fruit
9 vascular tissue that transports water and mineral
solutes upward through the plant body
10 haploid generation of the alternation of generations
life cycle of a plant; it produces gametes that unite
to form a diploid zygote
11 vascular plant producing naked seeds, as in conifers
12 seed leaf for embryo of a flowering plant
Down
2 structure where the megaspore becomes an eggproducing female gametophyte
3 elongated stalk of a stamen
4 vascular tissue that conducts organic solutes in
plants; it contains sieve-tube cells and companion
cells
6 base of the pistil that protects ovules and, along
with associated tissues, becomes a fruit
7 male gametophyte in seed plants
8 tangled mass of hyphal filaments composing the
vegetative body of a fungus
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CHAPTER TEST
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Do not refer to the text when taking this test.
1. Select the incorrect association.
a. gametophyte—diploid generation
b. gametophyte—produces sex cells
c. sporophyte—diploid generation
d. sporophyte—produces haploid spores
2. Select the nonvascular plant.
a. moss
b. cycad
c. fern
d. rosebush
3. The antheridium is part of the
a. female gametophyte.
b. megasporophyte.
c. male gametophyte.
d. microsporophyte.
4. Xylem and phloem are
a. the covering tissues on roots, stems, and leaves.
b. the male and female parts of a flower.
c. two kinds of flowering plants.
d. two types of vascular tissue.
5. Ferns are plants that are
a. nonvascular with seeds.
b. nonvascular without seeds.
c. vascular with seeds.
d. vascular without seeds.
6. Which structure develops into a pollen grain?
a. antheridium
b. archegonium
c. megaspore
d. microspore
7. Select the characteristic NOT descriptive of
conifers.
a. can withstand cold winters
b. can withstand hot summers
c. needlelike leaves
d. reproduce through flowers
8. Select the incorrect statement about angiosperms.
a. contain only tracheids in their vascular tissue
b. did not diversify until the Cenozoic era
c. include tiny plants living on pond surfaces
d. the most successful group of plants
9. The fern is a seedless vascular plant and
a. is a moss.
b. has flagellated sperm.
c. lacks vascular tissue.
d. All of these are correct.
10. The dominant generation in seed plants is the
a. sporophyte.
b. gametophyte.
c. green leafy shoot.
d. flower only.
162
11. Ferns are restricted to moist places because
a. of the sporophyte generation called the frond.
b. of a sensitive type of chlorophyll.
c. of the water-dependent gametophyte
generation.
d. they never grow very tall.
12. Double fertilization refers to the fact that in angiosperms
a. two egg cells are fertilized within an ovule.
b. a sperm nucleus fuses with an egg cell and
with polar nuclei.
c. two sperm are required for fertilization of one
egg cell.
d. a flower can engage in both self-pollination
and cross-pollination.
13. In which of these groups is the gametophyte nutritionally dependent upon the sporophyte?
a. ferns
b. angiosperms
c. gymnosperms
d. Both b and c are correct.
e. All of these are correct.
14. In pine trees, ______ develop in separate types of
cones.
a. male gametophytes and female gametophytes
b. pollen and ovules
c. microspores and megaspores
d. Both a and b are correct.
e. All of these are correct.
15. Most fungi
a. are plant parasites.
b. form mycorrhizas.
c. are saprotrophic.
d. are unicellular.
16. Which term is mismatched?
a. hyphae—mycelium
b. ascocarp—fruiting body
c. basidiospore—sporangium
d. zygomycete—bread mold
17. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of
lichens?
a. soil formers
b. algal cells and fungal hyphae
c. form a type of moss
d. can live in extreme conditions
18. A fruiting body is
a. a special type of vacuole found in fungi.
b. a symbiotic relationship between algae and
bacteria.
c. a reproductive structure found in fungi.
d. always the same shape.
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19. Sexual reproduction in a bread mold involves
the production of
a. a sperm and an egg.
b. flagellated zoospores.
c. zygospores.
d. fruiting bodies.
20. In a mushroom, the _______ is (are) analogous to
the asci of a sac fungus.
a. stalk
b. cap
c. basidia
d. spores
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
The introduction to this chapter discusses the contribution of plants to our modern society.
21. Considering the services of plants, give two reasons it could be said that modern society runs on solar energy.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
22. Considering that farmers today use farming machinery, why could it be said that the food we eat is dependent
on fossil fuel energy? _______________________________________________________________________________________
23. Considering that we use electricity to prepare and cook our food, are we contributing to the fact that, without
fossil fuel energy, not enough food will be available to feed our society? _____________________________________
Test Results: ______ number correct ÷ 23 = ______ × 100 = ______ %
EXPLORING
THE
INTERNET
ARIS, the Essentials of Biology website: http://www.mhhe.com/maderessentials
ARIS, the website for Essentials of Biology, offers access to a wide variety of tools to help students learn biological
concepts and to reinforce their knowledge. Online study aids such as practice quizzes, interactive activities, animations, labeling exercises, flashcards, and much more are organized according to the major sections of each chapter.
There is even an online tutorial service!
ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER KEY TERMS
a. nonvascular plant b. conifer c. alternation of generations d. seed e. vascular plant f. gymnosperm g. gametophyte h. spore i. ovule j. mycorrhizal fungi
k. endosperm l. cotyledon m. angiosperm n. stamen
o. vascular tissue p. pollen grain q. mycelium r. fruit
s. lichen t. saprotroph u. flower v. fungi w. sporophyte
STUDY EXERCISES
1. a. 3, 4 b. 1, 2, 3, 4 c. 3 d. 1, 2, 3, 4 2. a. S b. IE
c. VT d. F 3. a. sporophyte b. zygote c. sporangium
d. diploid e. haploid f. gametes g. spore h. gametophyte
i. sporophyte j. gametophyte k. spores l. growth and mitosis m. growth and mitosis n. Fertilization produces
diploid cells and meiosis produces haploid cells. o. Sporo-
phyte has vascular tissue. 4. a. gametophyte generation b. sporophyte generation produces spores 5. b 6. a.
sporophyte b. archegonium c. antheridium d. gametophyte e. fronds f. prothallus 7. a. 1. vascular tissue
2. sporophyte dominant b. flagellated sperm 8. a. microspore
mother cell b. microspore c. pollen grains d. male gametophyte e. megaspore mother cell f. ovule g. female gametophyte h. microspore, megaspore i. male, female
j. male k. female l. seed 9. a. gametophyte b. yes
c. pollen grain d. seed 10. a. seed coat b. embryo
c. stored food 11. a. naked seeds b. Conifers c. cones
d. pollen e. seed f. Resin 12. a. anther b. filament
c. ovule d. ovary e. style f. stigma 13. a. sporophyte
b. ovule c. embryo sac d. anther e. pollen tube f. two
g. embryo sac h. seed i. embryo j. double
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14.
Vascular Tissue
(yes or no)
Dominant
Generation
Spores or Seeds
Disperse Species
Fruit
(yes or no)
No
Gametophyte
Spores
No
Yes
Sporophyte
Spores
No
Yes
Sporophyte
Seeds
No
Yes
Sporophyte
Seeds
Yes
15.
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Chemoheterotrophic by absorption
Photosynthetic
Chemoheterotrophic by ingestion
Nonmotile
Nonmotile
Motile
Haploid
Haploid/diploid
Diploid
Composed of chitin
Composed of cellulose
No cell wall
Spores
Spores/gametes
Gametes
16. a. zygote b. thick-walled zygospore c. meiosis
d. windblown spores e. asexual reproduction f. asexual
reproduction g. mycelium h. sexual reproduction i. sporangium 17. a. fruiting body b. basidia c. spores
d. mycelium 18. a. fungal hyphae b. algal cells
19. a. Mycorrhizas b. mutualistic c. fungus d. plant
e. inorganic 20. a. athlete’s foot b. ringworm c. tineas
21. bird droppings 22. Candida
KEYWORD CROSSWORD
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CHAPTER TEST
1. a 2. a 3. c 4. d 5. d 6. d 7. d 8. a
9. b 10. a 11. c 12. b 13. d 14. e 15. c
16. c 17. c 18. c 19. c 20. c 21. Because plants use
solar energy to photosynthesize. Plants become the coal
we often use to generate electricity. 22. Mechanized
machinery runs on gasoline, derived from a fossil fuel.
23. Yes, we contribute.