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BEHAVIOURISTIC LEARNING THEORY WHAT IS BEHAVIOURISM? • Behaviourism is a worldview that assumes a human behaviour could be predicted and controlled. • They believe that children came into this world with a clean slate (Tabula Rasa) and their behaviour are then shaped by the environment whether it is positive or negative reinforcement. IVAN PAVLOV (PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING) • During the 1890s Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov was looking at salivation in dogs in response to being fed, when he noticed that his dogs would begin to salivate whenever he entered the room, even when he was not bringing them food. • Pavlov started from the idea that there are some things that is in the dog does not need to learn. • Example, dogs don’t learn to salivate whenever they see food. In behaviourism it is called unconditioned response. • Unconditioned stimulus (FOOD) > Unconditioned response (SALIVA) • Ivan Pavlov showed the existence of the unconditioned response by presenting a dog with a bowl of food and the measuring of the salivary secretions. • The behaviour of the dog suddenly changed when the dog had learned to associate food with his lab assistant. A change of behaviour must be the result of learning. • In behaviourist terms, the lab assistant was originally a neutral stimulus. It is called neutral because it produces no response. What had happened was that the neutral stimulus (the lab assistant) had become associated with an unconditioned stimulus (food). • Pavlov used a tuning fork as his neutral stimulus. Whenever he gave food to his dogs, he also rang the tuning fork. • So the dog had learned an association between the tuning fork and the food and a new behaviour had been learnt. Because this response was learned (or conditioned), it is called a conditioned response. WATSON AND RAYNER (CLASSICAL CONDITIONING) • John Watson proposed that the process of classical conditioning based on Pavlov’s observations was able to explain all aspects of human psychology. • Everything from speech to emotional responses are simply patterns of stimulus and response. • Watson denied completely the existence of the mind or consciousness. Watson believed that all individual differences in behaviour were due to different experiences of learning. LITTLE ALBERT EXPERIMENT (PHOBIAS) • Little Albert was a 9-month-old infant who was tested on his reactions to various stimuli. He was shown a white rat, a rabbit, a monkey and various masks. Albert described as ‘on the whole stolid and unemotional’ showed no fear of any of these stimuli. • However what did startle him and cause him to be afraid was if a hammer was struck against a steel bar behind his head. The sudden loud noise would cause Little Albert to burst into tears. • Watson and Rayner had shown that classical conditioning could be used to create a phobia. B.F SKINNER (OPERANT CONDITIONING) • B.F Skinner quest was to observe the relationship between observable stimuli and response. • He used The Skinner Box to controlled his experiment. The Skinner Box was a contraption that would automatically dispense food pellets and electric shocks. • This experiment is called operant conditioning it can be described as behaviour adjustment as a result of greater or lesser positive or negative reinforcement and punishment. • Skinner hypnotized that human behaviour were controlled by rewards and punishment and that behaviours can be explained by principles of operant conditioning. PRINCIPLES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING. • The main principles of operant conditioning as defined by Skinner are reinforcement, punishment, shaping and discrimination. • Reinforcement: behaviour is strengthened and thus more likely to happen again. Reinforcement is divided into two, positive and negative reinforcement. • Positive reinforcement is making a behaviour stronger by following the behaviour with a pleasant stimulus. • Example: rat presses the lever and receive food. • Negative reinforcement is making a behaviour stronger by taking away a negative stimulus. • Example: rat presses the lever and turns off electric shocks. • Punishment: behaviour is weakened and thus less likely to happen again. Punishment is divided into two, positive and negative punishment. • Positive punishment is to reduce a behaviour by presenting an unpleasant stimulus when the behaviour occurs. • Example, if the rat previously pressed the lever and receive food and now the rat will receive shock. The rat will learn not to press the lever. • Negative punishment: reducing a behaviour by removing a pleasant stimulus when the behaviour occurs. • Examples, if the rat previously given food for each lever pressed, but now receive food consistently when not pressing the lever, the rat will learn to stop pressing the lever. • Shaping: technique of reinforcement used to teach new behaviours. At the beginning, people/animals are reinforced for easy tasks in order to receive reinforcement. • Example, originally the rat is given a food pellet for one lever pressed, but we gradually increase the number of times. It needs to press to receive food, the rat will increase the number of presses. • Discrimination: learning that a behaviour will be rewarded in one situation, but not another. • Example, rat does not receive food from the second lever and realizes that it will only receive food by pressing the first lever. ALBERT BANDURA (SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY) • In social learning theory Albert Bandura states behaviour is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning. • Unlike Skinner, Bandura believes that humans are active information processors and think about the relationship between their behavior and its consequences. • Children observe the people around them behaving in various ways. This is illustrated during the famous Bobo Doll experiment. • The experiment show that children will imitate anything that people do to the Bobo Doll. • Example, if an adult decided to punch the Bobo doll, the kids will imitate the action. • This meant in Albert Bandura’s theory, he believe that a behaviour of a person is created from imitating or adopting other people behaviour.