Download The Noun Game

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TheNounGame:whenisanounNOTaperson,placeorthing?
whataboutbeing,nothingness,karma,phoneme?
Nounsallbehavesimilarlyinsentences,sowhilewedon’tnecessarilyhave
“meaning”defini;onsthatworkforallnouns,wecandescribethem
syntac4cally.
Whatissyntax?thearrangementofwordsintostringsthatformu?erances
parsing:breakingsentencesdownintotheircomponentparts
loosely,syntaxiswordorder
Werecognizesentencesthataregramma;cal/acceptable
Wealsoknowwhenanu?eranceiswell-formedorill-formed
Colorlessgreenideassleepfuriously.
Thepolicemanwhowaswalkinghisbeatwhichwasinatough
neighborhoodlookedthemanwhohesawinastreetcarup.
Wordfunc;ongivesaclueforplacement,sincethewordorderfora
languagelikeEnglishisrela;velyfixed
adjec;vescomebeforenouns:ageneralapproachtoasubject
wesaythatadjec;vesmodifythenoun—whatdoesthatmean?
arrangethesewordsinorder:
thethestudentsperplexedchapterreread
theperplexedstudentsrereadthechapter:
whydoesperplexedcomebeforeanoun?
whycan’tperplexedcomebeforechapter?
Howdoweknowhowtodothis?
Wecallthisknowledge,“na;vespeakerintui;on”
syntax:wordscombinesystema;callytoformphrasesandclauses;
clausescombinetoformu?erances
Canasentenceconsistofjustonesingleword?Canitbesomethingless
thanaword?
Asentenceisasyntac;cunitthatmeetscertaincriteria.Whatarethey?
Anu?erancemaybeanythingwesay.
whatarethepartsofspeech?(popularterm)/lexicalcategories(the
moretechnicalterm)
theydescribeclassesofwordsthatbehavesimilarlyinalanguage
contrarytotheNOUNISAPERSON,PLACE,ORTHINGmentality,
theycan’tstrictlybedefinedbymeaning
formandfuncAon:insteadthey’remoreeasilydefinedby
morphology(form)andsyntax(func;on)
what’sthedifferencebetweenformandfunc4on?
whenisadoornotadoor?Howdoyouknowwhatthismeans?
whereinliesthejoke?
fastcar/companycaradj+n/noun(func;oningasadj)+n
what’sthedirectobjectin
Studentssaythattheyneverlearnedgrammarinhighschool
openclasslexicalcategories(partsofspeech):--theyacceptnewmembers
nouns–canyoufigureoutifawordisanounwithoutknowingwhatitmeans?
Theflibskeepmeonmytoes.What’saflib?Whatpartofspeechisflib?
seman;cdescrip;on:person,place,thing,state
morphologicaldescrip;on:formsplural;irregularplurals-sisaplural
morpheme,butwhat’sthemorphemeinwomenorfish?
whataboutforeignplurals?fungi,axes,phenomena,media,data?
mayhaveoneofasetofderiva;onalsuffixes(-ion,-ment,-ness,-er,-ess,-ity,ship,-dom)
countnounsv.massnouns:less/fewer
syntac;cposi;on,descrip;on:Det____DETADJ_____
Noonedefini;onofanounisexhaus;ve.
adjecAves:
expressquali;es,describethings–butthat’sinadequate,becausejust
abouteveryworddescribessomething
instead,adjec;vesmodifythemeaningofnouns(typically,thatis)
fun,funner,funnest;Apple’snewfunness.
morhpologicaldescrip;on:compara;veandsuperla;veforms
deriva;onalsufixes:-al,-able,-ible,-like,-ful
posi;onofadjs:atrribu;veorpredica;ve
a?ribu;ve:Det___N
excep;ons:estatesgeneral;aGorneygeneral;surgeongeneral
predica;ve:Linkingv_____Adv____
what’sthedifferencebetweengoodandwell?
wellisusuallyanadv,butitcanbeanadj
goodisusuallyanadj,butitcanalsobean.
feelbadvs.feelbadly?
verbs
semanAc:ac;on/state
forms:bareform,3perssgpresent,patense,presptcpl,papartIcIple.
Finiteformsoftheverb:pa,3perspresent
nonfiniteforms:presprogressive(-ing),ppl(-ed,-en,strongforms),
infini;ve(to+verb)(C&Acallitthe“bare”form)
morphologyofverbs:person,number,tense,aspect,voice,mood
thebareformservesasthebasefortheothers
3personsgpresent
pasttenseform
presentparAciple
pastparAcple
verbs:person,number,tense,aspect,voice,mood
verbalsuffixes:-ize,-ify
POSITION:Aux________!
Whatistense?Englishverbshavetwotenses:PA,Pres.
thereisnoformalfuturetense
gramma;calvs.chronologicaltense
examplesoftense:
simplepresentandpastXgoes;Xwent
presentprogressiveXisgoing
presentperfectXhasgone
presentperfectprogressive:Xhavebeengoing
pastperfectXhadgone
pastperfectprogressive:Xhadbeengoing
futureXwillgo
futureperfectXwillhavegone
futureperfectprogressiveXwillhavebeengoing
WhatisAspect:whetheranac;oniscompletedorcon;nuous,ongoing
progressive:anongoingac;on
perfec;ve:adiscreteorcompletedac;on
Whatisvoice:describestherela;onshipofthesubjecttotheac;on
ac;ve:thesubjectperformsanac;on
passive:thesubjecthassomethingdonetoit
Whatismood?Definesagtudetowardwhatspeakerissaying
moodallowsthespeakertorefertothepossibleworldsinwhich
thestateoreventis,thesitua;on,thekindsoftruth,certainty,
possibility,necessity,thatpertain(command,wish,possibility)
typesofmood:indicaAve,imperaAve,subjuncAve
typesofmood:indicaAve,imperaAve,subjuncAve
indicaAve:thisisso;[interrograAve:Isthisso?(authorsfoldthisinwithindica;ve)]
inflectsforperson,number,tense
imperaAve:Thismustbeso.
inflects:bareinfini;ve
thesubjuncAvemood:expressessomethingwishedfor,themoodofcondi;ons(if…)
inflects:bareinfini;veforpresent;regularpasttenseexceptfor‘were’
speakerwantssomethingtobetrue,butknowsitisn’t—Iwishthiswereeasiertoexplain;
speakercommands:Lettherebelight;letthewildruckusbegin.
[weoKenusemodalstoexpresscondi;onalmeaning]
condiAonal:Ifxhappens,thenthiswillbeso;thiscouldbeso;mightbe;oughttobe;
shouldbe;wouldbe...
themodalauxiliaries:can/couldmay/mightshall/shouldwill/wouldought
thedoublemodal:mightcould
thetriple:coulda,shoulda,woulda]
morphologyofverbs
thebareform:mostverbsusethistoformtheinfini;veandasabaseforother
forms
excepAons:tobe,togo(supple;on:usingwentaspa.tenseofgo),tohave,
todo
strong/weakverbs:
weak:pasttenseandpastpar;ciplein–ed(includesbring/brought,
think/thought)
strong:sing/sang/sung;take/took/taken;swim,swam,swum;drink/
drank/drunk
progressiveaspect:acon;nuingac;on,-ing
perfectaspect:acompletedac;on
sequenceoftenses:
Pastperfect:Ihadplayed
Presentperfect:Ihaveplayed
(simple)past:Iplayed
present:Iplay,
presentprogressive:Iamplaying
Future:Iwillplay
Futureperfect:Iwillhaveplayed
Futureprogressive:Iwillbeplaying
Pastprogressive:Iwasplaying.
Presentperfectprogressive:Ihavebeenplaying.
Pastperfectprogressive:Ihadbeenplaying.
syntacAcposiAonofverbs:
alerAUX___
aloneinimpera;ves;
alonealersubjectNP____;
betweenSandO:NP______NP
transiAvityofverbs:
whetherV.takesoneormoreobjects
intransi;ve:noobj;wesleep
transi;ve:ad.owemadecookies
ditransi;ve:do+i.o.wegaveSuethecookies
thedocomesbeforethei.o.;theiocanberepresentedbyaprep
phrase
thenexttwocategoriesrequirepredica;vesintheircomplements:
linking:connectcomplementtosubject:wearenice
object-predica;ve:connectcomptoobj:Suecalledusnice
manyverbsaremorethanonetype:
someverbsareonlytrans:prohibit(requiresanobj)Youcan’tsay,*He
prohibits.
transi;veverbscanbemadepassive
someareonlyintransi;ve(come:noobjpossible)
mostcanbeeither:don’thitme;thebabyhits
ditransi;veverbs:give,send,promise,tell,lend.ask,show:d.ovs.beneficiary
orrecipient:
indirectobjectusuallycomesfirstiftherearetwoNPsinarow
orindirectobjectisexpressedbymeansofapreposi;onalphrase
verbsrequiring,notobjects,butcomplements
linkingverbs:be,appear,seem;v+complement(compmodifiessubj)
Iamthewalrus
Iamhungry
verb+obj+complement(thecomplementmodifiestheobj,notthesubj):
HecalledtheteacheragrammarNazi
Shecalledourfriendintolerable
lie:toassumeahorizontalposi;on;
lay:toplaceorsetdown
theformsolenblend,becausetheirmeaningsaresoclose:
lie/lay/lainlaylaidlaid
sit/setThese,too,maybeconfused.
Whatisvoice?
ac;veversuspassive:
Xdidthehomework;thehomeworkwasdonebyx
anomalousverbs:
tobeam,is,are,was,were,being,been–wheredothese
differentformscomefrom?
OEbeon,esan,weren
togogo/went(supple;on:anotherformisusedtofilloutthe
paradigm)
adverbs:veryhardcategorytodefine–modifyv,adj,adv,andfullclausesor
sentences(sentenceadverbs:frankly,clearly;whatabouthopefully?)
expressquali;es
typicalsuffix:-ly
____ADJ____VorVP____ADV
temporal:Yesterday,Ididmyhomework
manner:Ididtheworkhas;ly
discourse:
Frankly,mydear,Idon’tgiveadamn
Hopefully,springwillcomesoon
morphologyofadverbs:theydon’tallendin-ly
someadverbsdonotendin–ly:goslow/slowly;gofast/*fastly
someadjec;vesendin–ly:friendly,homely
IfyoucansayIdobadly,
whynot:Whydon’tIrunfastly?
closedclasses
preposiAons:typicallypreposedbeforeanoun,anddescribingorcharacterizingthe
relnofthatntoanotherone:loca;on,direc;on,;me,dura;on,manner,etc.—hard
tospecifyalltherela;onships
syntac;cally,theyoccur___NP
whatistheupincallup:theno;onofv+prepasopposedtov+par;cle
(phrasalverbs)–thepar;clelookslikeaprepbutdoesn’tactlikeone
conjuncAons:connectthings
coordina;ng:mostcommonareFANBOY:for,and,nor,but,or,yet
orsubordina;ng:connectamainandadependentclause—because.although,
when,aRer,before,unless,if,while,etc.—theytypicallycreateasubordinate
clausethatfunc;onsadverbially(why,when,how,etc)
correla;ves:either/or,likecoordinators
complemenAzers:createsubordinateclausesthatfunctonnominally:that,
what,whether,who/whom,where,why,how
pronouns:standinforNorNP;rela;velyclosedclass,thoughtheybehavelike
nouns
personalpronouns:caseandnumber,andinonecase,genderinflec;ons:
indefinites:one,anyone,(you,they,italsousedasindefs)
interrogs:wh-
demonstra;ve:this/that,these/those
rela;ves:subjectofdependentclause.
complemen;zers:that/which—introduceaclausethatservesasobjectof
verb
increaseduseofreflexiveslikemyself:John,Mary,andmyselfsignedup
fortheraffle.
hisself,hisownself,theirselves,andothernonstandardforms
determiners:introduceNPs:definte/indefinite
quan;ty:some,many,all
number:one,two,first,second
specifiers:this/that
predeterminers(theycomefirst):all,both,half
centraldeterminers(inthemiddle):ar;cles,demonstra;ves,possessives,
interroga;ves,rela;ves,nominalrela;vess(whichever),indefinites(some,any,no)
postdeterminers(aler):
cardinalnumbers,
ordinals,
generalordinals(another,last,next).
Primaryquan;fiers:many,several,few,much
somedeterminersalsofunc;onaspronouns:some,all,both,many,one,this
Auxiliaryverbs
primaryaux:be,have,do
modals;doublemodals(mightcould)
marginalusedto,oughtto,dare,need,gonna,haRa,start,hadbeGer,have
gotto
Auxiliaryverbsareeitherepistemic:whatisnecessary/possiblegiven
knownfacts
ortheyaredeon;c:expressingobliga;on/permission
Hemusthaveoverslept(epistemic)
Hemustsleepnow(deon;c)
Shemaybeill/shemaytakeasmanypillsassheneeds
Thestormshouldbeover/Shouldwecallthepolice?
modals
aresome;mescalleddefecAvebecausetheydon’tinflectforthirdperson;no
presentpar;ciple,nopplinflec;on,noinfini;ve
theycancontractwithnega;ves;andwithsubjects:Mustn’t,I’ll
Theyappearbeforethemainverboftheclause
StdEdoesn’thavedoubleortriplemodalsbutsomevarie;esdo:mightcould,
hand’toughta,I’mfixin’togo;Ibeworkingallthe4me;
comple;vedone:Hedonedidthat.
Stressedbintoindicateremotepast:Idonestudied.IBINstudied.
What’sthis:Thematerialwillhavehadtohavebeenbeingstudied.
challengestocategorizaAon:
–ingsome;mesinflec;onal,some;mesderiva;onal;
nounonnounfunc;oningasadjs:
Englishclassgrammartextbookcover
yesandno:whatarethey?Sentenceadverbs?Yes,wehavenobananas
orisitadiscoursemarker,likeum,well?
whatdosuchchallengestellusaboutgrammar:allcategoriesleak
OK:whatisit?
Whatis“so”atthestartofanu?erance?So,that’sagoodques;on...?
descripAvesyntaxandprescripAverules
hopefullyasasentenceadverbialmeaning,itistobehoped,asopposedtoan
adverb:
Helookeduphopefully,butnohelpwasinsight;
Hopefullytheywillrescuemesoon,hethought
splitinfini4ve:toboldygo—
sentencefinalpreposi;ons–originatesinacri;cismbyDrydenofsome
Jonsonsentenceswhichhethoughtshouldn’tstrandtheprepattheend,it
laterbecameaproscrip;on.
thathappensolen:whatbeginsasasugges;onthenbecomesarule:
that/which
it’s/itstheapostropheprotec;onsociety
sg.they