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8
Digestive System
Gastroenterology
The medical practice of gastroenterology encompasses treatment of diseases affecting the
digestive system. The physician who specializes in treating disorders of the digestive system is
called a gastroenterologist.
Anatomy and Physiology Overview
The primary function of the digestive system, also known as the gastrointestinal (GI)
system, is to breakdown food, prepare it for absorption, and eliminate waste substances.
The digestive system consists of a digestive tube called the GI tract or alimentary canal,
which includes the esophagus, stomach, and intestines and several accessory organs,
including the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The GI tract, extending from the oral cavity
(mouth) to the anus, varies in size and structure in several distinct regions. It terminates at
the anus, where solid wastes are eliminated from the body by means of defecation.
Tongue
Mouth (oral cavity)
Parotid gland
Submandibular
gland
Sublingual gland
Salivary
glands
Pharynx
Esophagus
Food bolus
Liver
Gallbladder
Stomach
Spleen
Duodenum
Hepatic flexure
Pancreas
Splenic flexure
Transverse colon
Jejunum
Descending colon
Ascending colon
Ileum
Cecum
Sigmoid colon
Appendix
Rectum
Anus
.(Figure 8-1 Organs of the digestive system (anterior view
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM •
WORD ELEMENTS
oral cavity, esophagus, pharynx, and stomach
Word Element
Meaning
Word Analysis
teeth
dent/ist (DĔN-tĭst): specialist who diagnoses and treats
diseases and disorders of the oral cavity (teeth
and gums)
-ist: specialist
Combining Forms
O R A L C AV I T Y
dent/o
orth/odont/ist (ŏr-thō-DŎN-tĭst): dental specialist in
prevention and correction of abnormally positioned
or misaligned teeth
orth: straight
-ist: specialist
odont/o
gingiv/o
gum(s)
gingiv/itis (jĭn-jĭ-VĪ-tĭs): inflammation of gums
-itis: inflammation
gloss/o
tongue
hypo/gloss/al (hī-pō-GLŎS-ăl): pertaining to under the
tongue
hypo-: under, below, deficient
-al: pertaining to
sub/lingu/al (sŭb-LĬNG-gwăl): pertaining to under the
tongue
sub-: under, below
-al: pertaining to
mouth
or/al (OR-ăl): pertaining to the mouth
-al: pertaining to
stomat/o/pathy (stō-mă-TŎP-ă-thē): disease of the mouth
-pathy: disease
ptyal/o
saliva
ptyal/ism (TĪ-ă-lĭzm): condition of excessive salivation
-ism: condition
sial/o
saliva, salivary
gland
sial/o/rrhea (sī-ă-lō-RĒ-ă): excessive flow of saliva; also
called hypersalivation or ptyalism
-rrhea: discharge, flow
lingu/o
or/o
stomat/o
E SOP HAG U S, P HARYNX, AN D STOMACH
esophag/o
esophagus
esophag/o/scope (ē-SŎF-ă-gō-skōp): instrument for
examining the esophagus
-scope: instrument for examining
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM •
Word Element
Meaning
Word Analysis
pharyng/o
pharynx
(throat)
pharyng/o/tonsill/itis (fă-rĭng-gō-tŏn-sĭ-LĪ-tĭs):
inflammation of the pharynx and tonsils
tonsill: tonsils
-itis: inflammation
gastr/o
stomach
gastr/o/scopy (găs-TRŎS-kō-pē): visual examination of
the stomach
-scopy: visual examination
The gastroscope is a flexible, fiberoptic instrument used to inspect
the interior of the stomach.
pylor/o
pylorus
pylor/o/tomy (pī-lor-ŎT-ō-mē): incision of the pylorus
(sphincter in lower portion of the stomach)
-tomy: incision
Pylorotomy is usually performed to remove an obstruction.
pain
gastr/algia (găs-TRĂL-jē-ă): pain in the stomach
gastr: stomach
gastr/o/dynia (găs-trō-DĬN-ē-ă): pain in the stomach
gastr/o: stomach
-emesis
vomiting
hyper/emesis (hī-pĕr-ĔM-ĕ-sĭs): excessive vomiting
hyper-: excessive, above normal
-megaly
enlargement
gastr/o/megaly (găs-trō-MĔG-ă-lē): enlargement of the
stomach
gastr/o: stomach
-orexia
appetite
an/orexia (ăn-ō-RĔK-sē-ă): loss of appetite
an-: without, not
Anorexia can result from various conditions, such as adverse effects
of medication as well as other physical or psychological causes.
-pepsia
digestion
dys/pepsia (dĭs-PĔP-sē-ă): difficult or painful digestion;
also called indigestion
dys-: bad; painful; difficult
Dyspepsia is a feeling of epigastric discomfort after eating.
-phagia
swallowing,
eating
dys/phagia (dĭs-FĀ-jē-ă): difficulty swallowing or eating
dys-: bad; painful; difficult
-rrhea
discharge, flow
dia/rrhea (dī-ă-RĒ-ă): discharge or flow of watery stools
from the bowel
dia-: through, across
Suffixes
-algia
-dynia
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Upper GI Tract
WORD ELEMENTS
SMALL INTESTINE AND COLON
Word Element
Meaning
Word Analysis
Combining Forms
SMALL INTESTINE
duoden/o
duodenum (first part
of small intestine)
duoden/o/scopy (dū-ŏd-ĕ-NŎS-kō-pē): visual
examination of the duodenum
-scopy: visual examination
enter/o
intestine (usually
small intestine)
enter/o/pathy (ĕn-tĕr-ŎP-ă-thē): any intestinal disease
-pathy: disease
jejun/o
jejunum (second
part of small
intestine)
jejun/o/rrhaphy (jĕ-joo-NOR-ă-fē): suture of the
jejunum
-rrhaphy: suture
ile/o
ileum (third part of
small intestine)
ile/o/stomy (ĭl-ē-ŎS-tō-mē): incision of the ileum
(ileotomy) and creation of a permanent opening
-stomy*: forming an opening (mouth)
Ileostomy is performed following a total colectomy. The ileum is
pulled out through the abdominal wall. The edges of the wall
of the colon are rolled to make a mouth (stoma) that is then
sutured to the abdominal wall. The patient wears a plastic
pouch on the abdomen to collect feces.
LARGE INTESTINE
append/o
appendic/o
appendix
append/ectomy (ăp-ĕn-DĔK-tō-mē): removal of the
appendix
-ectomy: excision, removal
Appendectomy is performed to remove a diseased appendix that
is in danger of rupturing.
appendic/itis (ă-pĕn-dĭ-SĪ-tĭs): inflammation of the
appendix
-itis: inflammation
*When the suffix -stomy is used with a combining form that denotes an organ, it refers to a surgical opening to the outside of the body.
(continued)
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM •
Word Element
Meaning
Word Analysis
col/o
colon
col/o/stomy (kō-LŎS-tō-mē): creation of an opening
between the colon and the abdominal wall
-stomy: forming an opening (mouth)
A colostomy creates a place for fecal matter to exit the body other
than through the anus. It may be temporary or permanent.
colon/o/scopy (kō-lŏn-ŎS-kō-pē): visual examination of
the inner surface of the colon using a long, flexible
endoscope
-scopy: visual examination
colon/o
proct/o
anus, rectum
proct/o/logist (prŏk-TŎL-ō-jĭst): physician who
specializes in treating disorders of the colon, rectum,
and anus
-logist: specialist in study of
rect/o
rectum
rect/o/cele (RĔK-tō-sēl): herniation or protrusion of
the rectum; also called proctocele
-cele: hernia, swelling
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
sigmoid/o/tomy (sĭg-moyd-ŎT-ō-mē): incision of
sigmoid colon
-tomy: incision
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM •
WORD ELEMENTS
ACCESSORY ORGANS OF DIGESTION
Word Elements
Meaning
Word Analysis
Combining Forms
cholangi/o
bile vessel
cholangi/ole (kō-LĂN-jē-ōl): small terminal portion of
the bile duct
-ole: small, minute
chol/e*
bile, gall
chol/e/lith (kō-lē-LĬTH): gallstone
-lith: stone, calculus
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
cholecyst/ectomy (kō-lē-sĭs-TĔK-tō-mē): removal of
gallbladder by laparoscopic or open surgery
-ectomy: excision, removal
Cholecystectomy can be performed by open surgery or
laparoscopically (placing a tube into the abdomen).
choledoch/o
bile duct
choledoch/o/tomy (kō-lĕd-ō-KŎT-ō-mē): incision of the
common bile duct
-tomy: incision
hepat/o
liver
hepat/itis (hĕp-ă-TĪ-tīs): inflammation of the liver
-itis: inflammation
pancreat/o
pancreas
pancreat/o/lysis (păn-krē-ă-TŎL-ĭ-sĭs): destruction of
pancreas by pancreatic enzymes
-lysis: separation; destruction; loosening
-iasis
abnormal condition
(produced by
something specified)
chol/e/lith/iasis (kō-lē-lĭ-THĪ-ă-sĭs): presence or
formation of gallstones
chol/e: bile, gall
lith/o: stone, calculus
-megaly
enlargement
hepat/o/megaly (hĕp-ă-tō-MĔG-ă-lē): enlargement of
the liver
hepat/o: liver
Hepatomegaly may be caused by infection; fatty infiltration,
as in alcoholism; biliary obstruction; or malignancy.
Suffixes
*Using the combining vowel e instead of o is an exception to the rule.
Word Elements
Meaning
Word Analysis
-osis
abnormal condition;
increase (used
primarily with
blood cells)
cirrh/osis (sĭr-RŌ-sĭs):abnormal condition of yellowness
Cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease characterized by destruction
of liver cells. It eventually leads to impaired liver function
and jaundice.
-prandial
meal
post/prandial (pōst-PRĂN-dē-ăl): following a meal
post-: after, behind