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Chapter 8 and 9 Reading Packet
(Learning and Memory)
Attach Key Terms:
Objectives Chapter 8
Objective 1| Define learning, and identify two forms of learning.
Objective 2| Define classical conditioning and behaviorism, and describe the basic components of classical conditioning.
Objective 3| Describe the timing requirements for the initial learning of a stimulus-response relationship.
Objective 4| Summarize the processes of extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination.
Objective 5| Discuss the survival value of generalization and discrimination.
Objective 6| Discuss the importance of cognitive processes in classical conditioning.
Objective 7| Describe some of the ways that biological predispositions can affect learning by classical conditioning.
Objective 8| Summarize Pavlov’s contribution to our understanding of learning.
Objective 9| Describe some uses of classical conditioning to improve human health and well-being.
Objective 10| Identify the two major characteristics that distinguish classical conditioning from operant conditioning.
Objective 11| State Thorndike’s law of effect, and explain its connection to Skinner’s research on operant conditioning.
Objective 12| Describe the shaping procedure, and explain how it can increase our understanding of what animals and babies can
discriminate. I
Objective 13| Compare positive and negative reinforcement, and give one example each of a primary reinforcer, a conditioned reinforcer, an
immediate reinforcer, and a delayed reinforcer.
Objective 14| Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of continuous and partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedules, and identify four
schedules of partial reinforcement.
Objective 15| Discuss the ways negative punishment, positive punishment, and negative reinforcement differ, and list some drawbacks of
punishment as a behavior-control technique.
Objective 16| Explain how latent learning and the effect of external rewards demonstrate that cognitive processing is an important part of
learning.
Objective 17| Explain how biological predispositions place limit son what can be achieved through operant conditioning.
Objective 18| Describe the controversy over Skinner’s views of human behavior.
Objective 19| Describe some ways to apply operant conditioning principles at school, in sports, at work, and at home..
Objective 20| Identify the major similarities and differences between classical and operant conditioning.
Objective 21| Describe the process of observational learning, and explain the importance of the discovery of mirror neurons.
Objective 22| Describe Bandura’s findings on what determines whether we will imitate a model.
Objective 23| Discuss the impact of prosocial modeling.
Objective 24| Explain why correlations cannot prove that watching violent TV causes violent behavior, and cite some experimental evidence
that helps demonstrate a cause-effect link.
1. Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and
that birds will chirp. This best illustrates:
a. the law of effect.
b. spontaneous recovery.
c. respondent behavior.
d. associative learning.
2. John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:
a. observable behavior.
b. cognitive processes.
c. genetic predispositions.
d. all of the above.
3. Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly
brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n):
a. primary reinforcer.
b. unconditional stimulus.
c. immediate reinforcer.
d. conditioned stimulus.
4. Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a(n):
a. UR.
b. US.
c. CR.
d. CS.
5. Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) ________ comes after a(n) _____.
a. CS; US
b. UR; CS
c. secondary reinforcer; operant behavior
d. negative reinforcer; operant behavior
6. Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an
unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin’s new cocker spaniel. Her
unexpected nervousness best illustrates:
a. latent learning.
b. spontaneous recovery.
c. delayed reinforcement.
d. shaping.
7. A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Angie still responds with terror at
the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates:
a. an unconditioned response.
b. operant conditioning.
c. latent learning.
d. generalization.
8. The predictability of an association between a CS and a US facilitates an organism’s
ability to anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by
a(n) ________ perspective.
a. evolutionary
b. behaviorist
c. cognitive
d. neuroscience
9. The law of effect was most clearly highlighted by:
a. Pavlov’s studies of conditioned salivation.
b. Garcia and Koelling’s research on taste aversion.
c. Skinner’s experiments on reinforcement.
d. Watson and Rayner’s findings on fear conditioning
10. In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise
for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only
for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as:
a. generalization.
b. partial reinforcement.
c. spontaneous recovery.
d. shaping.
11. If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work
to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.
a. partial
b. primary
c. conditioned
d. delayed
12. Negative punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative
reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.
a. increases; decreases
b. decreases; increases
c. decreases; decreases
d. has no effect on; has no effect on
13. Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every
25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
a. fixed-interval
b. variable-interval
c. fixed-ratio
d. variable-ratio
14. Because she has oversight responsibility for the servicing and repair of her company’s
fleet of cars, Rhonda frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on
various cars has been completed. Because service completion times are unpredictable, she
is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a ________ schedule.
a. fixed-interval
b. variable-interval
c. fixed-ratio
d. variable-ratio
15. If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first
chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates:
a. operant conditioning.
b. observational learning.
c. respondent behavior.
d. spontaneous recovery.
Chapter 9: Learning
Attach Bold Terms
Know all objectives:
1. After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle accident, Adam cannot form new memories.
He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Adam’s memory
difficulty most clearly illustrates:
a. repression.
b. retroactive interference.
c. encoding failure.
d. source amnesia.
2. The extensive rehearsal necessary to encode nonsense syllables best illustrates:
a. the spacing effect.
b. implicit memory.
c. the serial position effect.
d. effortful processing.
3. At a block party, Cyndi is introduced to eight new neighbors. Moments later, she can only
remember the names of the first three and last two neighbors. Her experience illustrates:
a. source amnesia.
b. the next-in-line effect.
c. implicit memory.
d. the serial position effect.
4. Although Jordan could not recall the exact words of a poem he had recently heard, he
clearly remembered the meaning of the poem. This best illustrates the importance of:
a. semantic encoding.
b. mood-congruent memory.
c. the serial position effect.
d. the method of loci.
5. It is easier to remember “what sobriety conceals, alcohol reveals” than to recall “what
sobriety conceals, alcohol unmasks.” This best illustrates the value of:
a. the serial position effect.
b. acoustic encoding.
c. the spacing effect.
d. implicit memory.
6. Employing the single word “HOMES” to remember the names of North America’s five
Great Lakes best illustrates the use of:
a. the method of loci.
b. the serial position effect.
c. a mnemonic device.
d. implicit memory.
7. Which of the following is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory?
a. priming
b. semantic encoding
c. proactive interference
d. long-term potentiation
8. Memories of emotional events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the:
a. amygdala.
b. hypothalamus.
c. sensory cortex.
d. motor cortex.
9. Mr. Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf on a particular
course. Yet the more he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience
illustrates the need to distinguish between:
a. short-term memory and long-term memory.
b. proactive interference and retroactive interference.
c. explicit memory and implicit memory.
d. recognition and recall.
10. A measure of your memory in which you need to pick the correctly learned answer from
a displayed list of options is known as a measure of:
a. recall.
b. recognition.
c. reconstruction.
d. relearning
11. The happier Judie is, the more readily she recalls experiences with former teachers who
were warm and generous. This best illustrates that emotional states can be:
a. retrieval cues.
b. short-term memories.
c. sensory memories.
d. flashbulb memories.
12. During her evening Spanish language exam, Janica so easily remembers the French
vocabulary she studied that morning that she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish
vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty best illustrates:
a. the spacing effect.
b. proactive interference.
c. source amnesia.
d. retroactive interference
13. Mrs. McBride can’t consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it
would be too anxiety-arousing to do so. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor
memory illustrates:
a. source amnesia.
b. proactive interference.
c. automatic processing.
d. repression.
14. After Teresa was verbally threatened by someone in a passing car, she was questioned
as to whether she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa
mistakenly recalled that the driver was a male rather than a female. Teresa’s experience
best illustrates:
a. implicit memory.
b. proactive interference.
c. the misinformation effect.
d. the serial position effect.
15. Recalling something that you had once merely imagined happening as something you
had directly experienced best illustrates:
a. the self-reference effect.
b. mood-congruent memory.
c. proactive interference
d. source amnesia.