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Cynesure Institute NOTES Class 10 Life Processes [Pick the date] The body of every living organism performs the processes like growth, digestion, excretion, respiration, circulation etc. Due to these processes, living beings remain alive. Non-living things are not able to do these processes. Living beings show growth due to formation of new cells. But non-living things are not able to form new cells. So they don’t show body growth. Livings beings get energy from food after digestion, which help them to do walk, run or do their work. But non-living things can’t do these things. Living things can form new cells in place of dead cells. This is called body maintenance. But non-livings can’t form new cells. Life Processes: All the processes like respiration, digestion, excretion, etc which keep the living organisms alive and perform the body maintenance are called life processes. Main Types of Life Processes: Nutrition (Digestion/Growth) 1 Respiration Circulation (Transportation) Excretion *** NUTRITION The whole process through which living organism obtains their food is called Nutrition. After digestion of food, energy is released and necessary nutrients are obtained, which help in growth and doing work. Nutrition in Plants and Animals Nutrition In Plants Autotrophs Make their own food [Pick the date] Have chorophyll to absorb sunlight Nutrition In Animals Hetrotrophs Depend of other plants or animals for food Don't have Chorophyll 2 Mode of Nutrition Autotrophic Nutrition Heterotrophic Nutrition Herbivores or Carnivores Photosynthesis Process Eat plants or Meat/Eggs Use Water & Minerals from soil, CO2 from air , and Sunlight from The sun Depend on autotrophs directly or indirectly Ex. Green Plants Ex. Animals, Fungi AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION (Nutrition in Plants) The process of nutrition in which the organisms synthesize their own food from organic substances is called autotrophic nutrition. The living organisms which has autotrophic mode of nutrition are called autotrophs. Green plants, the only autotrophic organisms on earth, use simple organic material and covert into complex energy molecules. The process by which autotrophs take in CO2 and H2O and convert these into carbohydrates in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight is called Photosynthesis. Photosynthesis Process: Raw Materials for Photosynthesis:- food Raw Material 1. Sunlight 2. Chlorophyll 3. CO2 starch, etc 4. Water and mineral starch, etc Source Sun Uses gives energy to plants to prepare their Green Leaf helps in absorption of Sunlight Atmosphere to form food like carbohydrate, Soil to form food like carbohydrate, Site of Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis process takes place at Chloroplast in the leaf. Chloroplast contains chlorophyll. [Pick the date] Events of Photosynthesis: Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll Conversion of light energy into chemical energy Splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen. Reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates. Equation of Photosynthesis process 3 Green plants take in CO2 and water and forms glucose, oxygen and water. Stomata: Tiny pores present on the surface of the leaves are known as stomata. Structure Guard cells are present outside the stomatal pore. It controls the opening and closing of pores. When water enters in the guard cells, its swells and opens up. When water level decreases in the guard cells, it shrinks and closes the pore. Functions: (i) Exchange of gases O2/CO2 (ii) Loses large amount of water [water vapour] during transpiration. Heterotrophic Nutrition (Nutrition in Animals and Microbes) Cynesure institute Dinesh Maurya [Pick the date] Types of Heterotrophic Nutrition: 1. Saprophytic nutrition: The dead and decaying organic materials are absorbed through the body walls of the organisms. They depend on non-living substances for food. Eg. Bacteria or fungi 4 2. Parasitic Nutrition: When organisms depend on other living organisms for nutrition, it is called parasitic nutrition. The organism from which they obtain nutrition is called host. Parasites live mostly on the body of the host. The host does not benefit from parasite, but harmed. Eg. Bacteria, fungi, plant like cuscuta and animals like tapeworm, lice, etc 3. Holozoic nutrition: Whole plants or organism is taken as food and digested by enzymes into simple substances and absorbed by body cells of the animals. The undigested food is excreted from the body through egestion. Ex. Amoeba, Paramecium, some animals like crocodile, etc Steps of Holozoic Nutrition: Ingestion – Take in whole food through cell membrane or mouth cavity without chewing or breaking it into pieces. Digestion – Digestive enzymes in the cell or body break down the down to derive essential nutrients Absorption – Essential nutrients present in the food is absorbed to release energy. Assimilation – Separating wastes material present in food Egestion – bringing out wastes from the body [Pick the date] Holozoic Nutrition In Amoeba: 5 [Pick the date] 6 Holozoic Nutrition In Amoeba Take in food through pseudopodia (false feet formed by cell membrane). Amoeba have no specific spot to take in food. It can form pseudopodia anywhere around its cell membrane. Food reaches the cell vacuole Digestive enzyme in vacuole convert it into simple organic substances Diffusion of digested food in cytoplasm Undigested food moves out of the cell through egestion. Holozoic Nutrition In Paramecium: Paramecium has cilia outside its body which helps in movement and capture food. It captures food through cilia and moves it to a specific spot on it body from where the food enters in the body. Food is digested and waste is thrown out like amoeba. Cynesure institute Dinesh Maurya Heterotrophic Nutrition In Human Beings [Pick the date] DIGESTION Digestion process in human beings starts from mouth and ends in small intestine. Blood carries the digested food from small intestine to all the cells of the body. 7 Digestion Process 1. Mouth: Mouth contains tongue, teeth and saliva. Saliva is released by salivary gland. Teeth mix with it chew, grind and break down of food so that saliva can properly and also it can easily pass through food pipe (esophagus). [Pick the date] Saliva maltose Amylase enzyme present in Saliva converts starch into sugar or which are easy to digest Tongue us to taste Tongue can move up and down to mix food with saliva. It helps the food. It helps to push the food into the food-pipe. 2. Esophagus: Carries food from mouth to stomach by contraction and expansion of its muscles. Contraction and expansion of the muscles of esophagus is called Peristaltic movements. 8 3. Stomach: Stomach is present slightly on the left side of our abdomen. The inner walls of stomach release three types of gastric juices. Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) This strong acid breaks down the food into fine paste and makes it acidic. It also kills any germ present in food. Pepsin It converts protein present in food into peptide which is easy to digest. Mucus This dense liquid protects the wall of stomach from Hydrochloric acid. 4. Small Intestine: Small intestine is a long cylindrical structure below stomach. It is long in herbivores but short in carnivores. Sphincter controls the amount of food entering small intestine from stomach. Small intestine receives gastric juices from liver and pancreas. Liver: Liver is located beside stomach. It releases bile juice which collects bile duct. Bile juice made by liver reaches the small intestine and acts on food. Functions of Bile juice: Bile juice helps in emulsification of fat present in food. The process of breakdown of large fat globules into smaller fat globules by bile juice is called emulsification. Pancreas: Pancreas is present below stomach. It releases two pancreatic juices: trypsin and lipase. Trypsin converts protein into peptide (peptones) and amino acids. Lipase converts fats into glycerol. Villi Villi are finger-like projections present in the inner walls of small intestine. It moves up and down to absorb digested food into blood. Through blood, food reaches to all the cells of the body. [Pick the date] (Large Intestine: Undigested food and excess water collects in large intestine and is removed out through anus.) RESPIRATION Respiration involves two processes: 9 1) Breathing: Taking in O2 from the atmosphere and releasing CO2 2) Cellular Respiration: Inside the cell, the breakdown of simple food takes place to release energy. C6H206 Glucose + O2 Oxygen CO2 + H20 + ATP Energy (ATP – Adenosine Tri-phosphate – is the chemical form of energy which we derive from food.) 3) O2 is necessary to release energy from food. TYPES OF RESPIRATION: Aerobic Respiration 1. Takes place in the presence of oxygen 2. Occurs in mitochondria 3. End products are CO2 and H2O 4. More amount of energy is released Anaerobic Respiration 1. Takes place in the absence of oxygen 2. Occurs in cytoplasm 3. End products are alcohol or lactic acid. 4. Less amount of energy is released. Cynesure institute Chemical Reaction of Aerobic Respirations: Dinesh Maurya i) In the Presence of Oxygen C6H206 Glucose in cytoplasm Pyruvic acid in mitochondria CO2 + H20 + ATP Energy ii) In Insufficient oxygen This happens while running, jumping, exercise etc when we take less oxygen. Lactic acid formation in muscles causes tiredness or cramp. C6H206 Glucose in cytoplasm Pyruvic acid in muscles Lactic Acid + ATP Energy [Pick the date] iii) In Absence of Oxygen: During fermentation of bread or wine, anaerobic respiration takes place. Yeast performs anaerobic respiration. C6H206 in cytoplasm ATP Glucose Pyruvic acid in yeast Ethanol + CO2 + Energy 10 Cynesure institute Dinesh Maurya [Pick the date] Human Respiratory System: 11 Respiration Process: Oxygen we take in passes through the following organs in order:Nose [Pick the date] Nostrils Nasal Passage Pharynx - Hair and mucus is present in nasal passage to prevent dust and microbes entering the lungs. So, always breathe through nose, not mouth - Cavity on the upper part of throat 12 Larynx - Glottis - Have voice box through which we speak. Glottis is present at the upper end of trachea. Epiglottis present in glottis closes the trachea when we shallow food. So that food doesn’t enter trachea. Trachea - is made up of C-shaped cartilaginous ring so that it doesn’t collapse when there is no air in it. Bronchi - Trachea divides into two branches in each section of lungs called bronchi. Bronchioles - Bronchi divides into many small branches called bronchioles. Alveoli - Spherical Air sacs are present at the end of each bronchiole. Exchanges of gases take place here. Alveoli take out CO2 and add O2 in the hemoglobin (RBC) of blood. Blood carried from lungs to body and vice-versa by Heart. Diaphragm: It is present at the bottom of lungs. It moves down we inhale and moves up when we exhale. It gives sufficient pressure for the gaseous exchange by alveoli. Movement of O2 O2 (oxygen) is taken through nose. In lungs, oxygen mixes with blood with the help of alveoli. Oxygen rich blood reaches heart. From heart, it reaches to all the cells. [Pick the date] Cellular respiration takes place. Movement of CO2 After cellular respiration, Carbon dioxide mixes with blood. Carbon dioxide rich blood reaches heart. 13 From heart, it goes into lungs. Carbon dioxide comes out of nose after alveoli removes it form blood. Source of Oxygen: Terrestrial organism takes in oxygen from atmosphere. Aquatic organism takes in oxygen from dissolved oxygen in water. Respiration in Plants: Respiration in plants takes place through stomata, roots and lenticels in stems. Stomata have tiny pores for taking CO2 and taking in O2. Roots take in gases from soil by diffusion. Sanction due to vacuum is created due to transpiration. CIRCULATION / TRANSPORTATION Living organism need the regular supply of food and oxygen. Food and oxygen need to be transported from mouth or nose to all cells of the body. Circulatory system helps in the transportation of these materials. Circulatory system in Human Beings Circulatory system in humans consists of 1) Heart 2) Arteries and Veins 3) Blood and Lymph Human Heart: [Pick the date] Heart is conical shaped, fist-sized organ. It is located slightly on the left side of the lungs. Its only function is to collect blood and pump it under pressure. 14 Structure of Its Components: There are four chambers in the heart – two atrium on the upper side, and two ventricles on the lower side. Atrium collects blood and ventricles pump it. There is a bicuspid and tricuspid valve between the two chambers to prevent backward flow of blood when the blood is pumped. Thick dividing walls around the chambers of heart are called septum. They prevent heart from blasting or damage when the blood is pumped under high pressure. Types of Blood: 1) Oxygenated blood (oxygen rich blood): This kind of blood comes from lungs to heart. It has more amount of oxygen. From heart, it reaches to cells of the body. Oxygen in this blood helps the cells in respiration process, [Pick the date] 2) Deoxygenated blood (CO2 rich blood): This kind of blood comes from cells to heart. It has more amount of carbon dioxide. From heart, it reaches to the lungs for purification (for adding oxygen and removing CO2). Cynesure institute Dinesh Maurya 15 BLOOD CIRCULATION IN THE HEART: Deoxygenated Blood (Coming from cells of the body) Enters heart through Superior and Inferior Vena Cava reaches Right Atrium Then blood goes into Right Ventricle when right ventricle contracts, blood goes into Pulmonary Arteries Lungs Oxygenated blood enters in heart through Pulmonary Veins to Left Atrium Goes into Left Ventricle when left ventricle contracts, blood goes into body through [Pick the date] Aorta 16 Types of Blood Vessels In Human Body: Arteries 1. Carry Oxygenated blood from heart to body part except pulmonary Artery 2. Also called distributing Vessel 3. Thick and elastic because blood flows under pressure from heart to body. Veins 1. Carry deoxygenated blood from body parts to heart except pulmonary vein. 2. Also called collecting Vessel. 3. Thin and Less elastic because blood doesn’t flows under pressure. Lymph When blood flows through arteries from heart to organs, they are under high pressure. Due to high pressure, a yellowish fluids escapes from the blood capillaries into the intercellular spaces. It contains less proteins than blood. Lymph collected in the intercellular space is collected by lymphatic capillaries and joined in veins. Veins carry back this blood to heart. WBC component in lymph helps in destroying germs and so protect us from diseases. Transportation in Plants In plants, only green leaves can prepare food. They need raw materials like water and minerals which comes from root. Food or photosynthetic product prepared by leaf needs to be transported to all parts of plants. Xylem Phloem 1. Carries water & minerals from the roots to other part of the plant 2. No energy is used. 1. Carrier of food or photosynthetic product from leaves to the other part of the plant. 2. Energy is used from ATP Two Important Features Seen In Plants: Transpiration is the process of loss of water as vapour from aerial parts of the plant like stem, leaf, etc. Function : Absorption and upward movement of water and minerals by creating vacuum sanction in roots. Helps in temperature regulation in plant. Translocation: Downloaded from cynesure.com Transport of food from leaves (food factory) to different part of the plant is called Translocation. Translocation is done by phloem. EXCRETION Removal of harmful metabolic wastes from the body of living organism through a biological process is called excretion. If harmful substances and wastes get collected in the body, it may cause death. So, Removing of waste is necessary in both plants and animals. Excretion in Plants Oxygen, CO2 and H2O are removed by stomata through the process of transpiration. Other wastes may be stored in non-green leaves, bark etc. which fall off from the plant. Plants excrete some waste into the soil around them. Gums and resin which comes out of the bark of tree are also waste materials. Plants also store waste in its vacuole, which are later thrown out, Excretion in Human Beings The purpose of making urine is to filter out waste product from the blood like urea, chemicals, etc, produced in the liver. Downloaded from cynesure.com Excretory system of human beings are: A pair of kidneys – reddish brown and bean-shaped organ present on the backside (dorsal) side of abdomen. A pair of Ureters – long cylindrical structure connecting kidney to urinary bladder. Waste material filtered by kidney is transported to bladder by ureters. Urinary Bladder – The duct where the urine collects. When it is filled to its capacity, we urinate. Urethra – Small opening at the end of bladder for bringing out urine. Nephron: Each kidney has large numbers of filtration units called nephrons. Parts and Function of Nephron: Glomerular Filtration: Bowman Capsule of the Nephron filter nitrogenous wastes, glucose water, amino acid, etc. Tubular reabsorption : Useful substances from the filtrate are reabsorbed by small capillaries surrounding the Nephron. Ex. If we don’t drink water for a long time, then water is reabsorbed from waste to maintain water-level in the body. Secretion Extra water and salts are secreted into the tubule which open up into the collecting duct and then into the ureters. Kidney Failure and Treatment: Downloaded from cynesure.com Humans have two kidneys, out of which one is sufficient to filter the blood properly. In case both kidneys fail, artificial method is used to purify the blood. In Dialysis method, a filtering machine is attached to the body of the patient through a pipe which filters out the blood. The process of purifying blood by an artificial kidney is called Haemodialysis Downloaded from cynesure.com