Download LIFE PROCESSES

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Class 10
Life Processes
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 The body of every living organism performs the processes like growth, digestion, excretion,
respiration, circulation etc.
 Due to these processes, living beings remain alive. Non-living things are not able to do
these processes.
 Living beings show growth due to formation of new cells. But non-living things are not able
to form new cells. So they don’t show body growth.
 Livings beings get energy from food after digestion, which help them to do walk, run or do
their work. But non-living things can’t do these things.
 Living things can form new cells in place of dead cells. This is called body maintenance.
But non-livings can’t form new cells.
Life Processes: All the processes like respiration, digestion, excretion, etc which
keep the living organisms alive and perform the body maintenance are called life
processes.
Main Types of Life Processes:
 Nutrition (Digestion/Growth)
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 Respiration
 Circulation (Transportation)
 Excretion
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NUTRITION
 The whole process through which living organism obtains their food is called Nutrition.
 After digestion of food, energy is released and necessary nutrients are obtained, which help
in growth and doing work.
Nutrition in Plants and Animals
Nutrition In
Plants
Autotrophs
Make their own food
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Have chorophyll to absorb sunlight
Nutrition In
Animals
Hetrotrophs
Depend of other plants or
animals for food
Don't have Chorophyll
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Mode of Nutrition
Autotrophic Nutrition
Heterotrophic Nutrition
Herbivores or Carnivores
Photosynthesis Process
Eat plants or Meat/Eggs
Use Water & Minerals from soil,
CO2 from air ,
and Sunlight from The sun
Depend on autotrophs directly or
indirectly
Ex. Green Plants
Ex. Animals, Fungi
AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION
(Nutrition in Plants)
 The process of nutrition in which the organisms synthesize their own food from organic
substances is called autotrophic nutrition.
 The living organisms which has autotrophic mode of nutrition are called autotrophs.
 Green plants, the only autotrophic organisms on earth, use simple organic material and
covert into complex energy molecules.
 The process by which autotrophs take in CO2 and H2O and convert these into carbohydrates
in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight is called Photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis Process:
Raw Materials for Photosynthesis:-
food
Raw Material
1. Sunlight
2. Chlorophyll
3. CO2
starch, etc
4. Water and mineral
starch, etc
Source
Sun
Uses
gives energy to plants to prepare their
Green Leaf
helps in absorption of Sunlight
Atmosphere to form food like carbohydrate,
Soil
to form food like carbohydrate,
Site of Photosynthesis:
Photosynthesis process takes place at Chloroplast in the leaf. Chloroplast contains
chlorophyll.
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Events of Photosynthesis:
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Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll
Conversion of light energy into chemical energy
Splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen.
Reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates.
Equation of Photosynthesis process
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 Green plants take in CO2 and water and forms glucose, oxygen and water.
Stomata: Tiny pores present on the surface of the leaves are known as stomata.
Structure
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Guard cells are present outside the stomatal pore.
It controls the opening and closing of pores.
When water enters in the guard cells, its swells and opens up.
When water level decreases in the guard cells, it shrinks and closes the pore.
Functions:
(i) Exchange of gases O2/CO2
(ii) Loses large amount of water [water vapour] during transpiration.
Heterotrophic Nutrition
(Nutrition in Animals and Microbes)
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Types of Heterotrophic Nutrition:
1. Saprophytic nutrition:
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The dead and decaying organic materials are absorbed through the body walls of the
organisms.
They depend on non-living substances for food.
Eg. Bacteria or fungi
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2. Parasitic Nutrition:
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When organisms depend on other living organisms for nutrition, it is called parasitic
nutrition.
The organism from which they obtain nutrition is called host. Parasites live mostly on the
body of the host.
The host does not benefit from parasite, but harmed.
Eg. Bacteria, fungi, plant like cuscuta and animals like tapeworm, lice, etc
3. Holozoic nutrition:
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Whole plants or organism is taken as food and digested by enzymes into simple substances
and absorbed by body cells of the animals.
The undigested food is excreted from the body through egestion.
Ex. Amoeba, Paramecium, some animals like crocodile, etc
Steps of Holozoic Nutrition:
 Ingestion – Take in whole food through cell membrane or mouth cavity without chewing
or breaking it into pieces.
 Digestion – Digestive enzymes in the cell or body break down the down to derive essential
nutrients
 Absorption – Essential nutrients present in the food is absorbed to release energy.
 Assimilation – Separating wastes material present in food
 Egestion – bringing out wastes from the body
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Holozoic Nutrition In Amoeba:
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Holozoic Nutrition In Amoeba
Take in food through pseudopodia (false feet formed by cell membrane).
Amoeba have no specific spot to take in food. It can form pseudopodia anywhere
around its cell membrane.
Food reaches the cell vacuole
Digestive enzyme in vacuole convert it into simple organic substances
Diffusion of digested food in cytoplasm
Undigested food moves out of the cell through egestion.
Holozoic Nutrition In Paramecium:
 Paramecium has cilia outside its body which helps in movement and capture food.
 It captures food through cilia and moves it to a specific spot on it body from where the food
enters in the body.
 Food is digested and waste is thrown out like amoeba.
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Heterotrophic Nutrition In Human Beings
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DIGESTION
 Digestion process in human beings starts from mouth and ends in small
intestine.
 Blood carries the digested food from small intestine to all the cells of the
body.
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Digestion Process
1. Mouth:
 Mouth contains tongue, teeth and saliva.
 Saliva is released by salivary gland.
Teeth
mix with it
chew, grind and break down of food so that saliva can properly
and also it can easily pass through food pipe (esophagus).
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Saliva
maltose
Amylase enzyme present in Saliva converts starch into sugar or
which are easy to digest
Tongue
us to taste
Tongue can move up and down to mix food with saliva. It helps
the food. It helps to push the food into the food-pipe.
2. Esophagus:
 Carries food from mouth to stomach by contraction and expansion of its muscles.
 Contraction and expansion of the muscles of esophagus is called Peristaltic
movements.
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3. Stomach:
 Stomach is present slightly on the left side of our abdomen.
 The inner walls of stomach release three types of gastric juices.
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
This strong acid breaks down the food into
fine paste and makes it acidic. It also kills any
germ present in food.
Pepsin
It converts protein present in food into peptide which is easy to digest.
Mucus
This dense liquid protects the wall of stomach from Hydrochloric acid.
4. Small Intestine:
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Small intestine is a long cylindrical structure below stomach.
It is long in herbivores but short in carnivores.
Sphincter controls the amount of food entering small intestine from stomach.
Small intestine receives gastric juices from liver and pancreas.
Liver:
 Liver is located beside stomach.
 It releases bile juice which collects bile duct.
 Bile juice made by liver reaches the small intestine and acts on food.
Functions of Bile juice: Bile juice helps in emulsification of fat present in food.
The process of breakdown of large fat globules into smaller fat globules by bile juice
is called emulsification.
Pancreas:
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Pancreas is present below stomach.
It releases two pancreatic juices: trypsin and lipase.
Trypsin converts protein into peptide (peptones) and amino acids.
Lipase converts fats into glycerol.
Villi
 Villi are finger-like projections present in the inner walls of small intestine.
 It moves up and down to absorb digested food into blood.
 Through blood, food reaches to all the cells of the body.
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(Large Intestine: Undigested food and excess water collects in large intestine and is
removed out through anus.)
RESPIRATION
Respiration involves two processes:
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1) Breathing: Taking in O2 from the atmosphere and releasing CO2
2) Cellular Respiration: Inside the cell, the breakdown of simple food takes
place to release energy.
C6H206
Glucose
+
O2
Oxygen
CO2
+
H20
+
ATP
Energy
(ATP – Adenosine Tri-phosphate – is the chemical form of energy which we derive
from food.)
3) O2 is necessary to release energy from food.
TYPES OF RESPIRATION:
Aerobic Respiration
1. Takes place in the presence of oxygen
2. Occurs in mitochondria
3. End products are CO2 and H2O
4. More amount of energy is released
Anaerobic Respiration
1. Takes place in the absence of oxygen
2. Occurs in cytoplasm
3. End products are alcohol or lactic acid.
4. Less amount of energy is released.
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Chemical Reaction of Aerobic Respirations:
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Maurya
i) In the Presence of Oxygen
C6H206
Glucose
in cytoplasm
Pyruvic acid
in mitochondria
CO2
+
H20
+
ATP
Energy
ii) In Insufficient oxygen
 This happens while running, jumping, exercise etc when we take less oxygen.
 Lactic acid formation in muscles causes tiredness or cramp.
C6H206
Glucose
in cytoplasm
Pyruvic acid
in muscles
Lactic Acid
+
ATP
Energy
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iii) In Absence of Oxygen:
 During fermentation of bread or wine, anaerobic respiration takes place.
 Yeast performs anaerobic respiration.
C6H206 in cytoplasm
ATP
Glucose
Pyruvic acid
in yeast
Ethanol +
CO2
+
Energy
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Human Respiratory System:
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Respiration Process:
Oxygen we take in passes through the following organs in order:Nose
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Nostrils
Nasal Passage
Pharynx
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Hair and mucus is present in nasal passage to prevent dust and
microbes entering the lungs. So, always breathe through nose, not mouth
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Cavity on the upper part of throat
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Larynx
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Glottis
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Have voice box through which we speak.
Glottis is present at the upper end of trachea.
Epiglottis present in glottis closes the trachea when we shallow food.
So that food doesn’t enter trachea.
Trachea
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is made up of C-shaped cartilaginous ring so that it doesn’t
collapse when there is no air in it.
Bronchi
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Trachea divides into two branches in each section of lungs
called bronchi.
Bronchioles
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Bronchi divides into many small branches called bronchioles.
Alveoli
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Spherical Air sacs are present at the end of each bronchiole.
Exchanges of gases take place here.
Alveoli take out CO2 and add O2 in the hemoglobin (RBC) of blood.
Blood carried from lungs to body and vice-versa by Heart.
Diaphragm: It is present at the bottom of lungs. It moves down we inhale and moves up when we
exhale. It gives sufficient pressure for the gaseous exchange by alveoli.
Movement of O2
O2 (oxygen) is taken through nose.
In lungs, oxygen mixes with blood with the help of alveoli.
Oxygen rich blood reaches heart.
From heart, it reaches to all the cells.
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Cellular respiration takes place.
Movement of CO2
After cellular respiration, Carbon dioxide mixes with blood.
Carbon dioxide rich blood reaches heart.
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From heart, it goes into lungs.
Carbon dioxide comes out of nose after alveoli removes it form blood.
Source of Oxygen:
 Terrestrial organism takes in oxygen from atmosphere.
 Aquatic organism takes in oxygen from dissolved oxygen in water.
Respiration in Plants:
 Respiration in plants takes place through stomata, roots and lenticels in stems.
 Stomata have tiny pores for taking CO2 and taking in O2.
 Roots take in gases from soil by diffusion. Sanction due to vacuum is created due to
transpiration.
CIRCULATION / TRANSPORTATION
 Living organism need the regular supply of food and oxygen.
 Food and oxygen need to be transported from mouth or nose to all cells of the body.
 Circulatory system helps in the transportation of these materials.
Circulatory system in Human Beings
 Circulatory system in humans consists of
1) Heart
2) Arteries and Veins
3) Blood and Lymph
Human Heart:
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 Heart is conical shaped, fist-sized organ.
 It is located slightly on the left side of the lungs.
 Its only function is to collect blood and pump it under pressure.
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Structure of Its Components:
 There are four chambers in the heart – two atrium on the upper side, and two ventricles on
the lower side.
 Atrium collects blood and ventricles pump it.
 There is a bicuspid and tricuspid valve between the two chambers to prevent backward flow
of blood when the blood is pumped.
 Thick dividing walls around the chambers of heart are called septum. They prevent heart
from blasting or damage when the blood is pumped under high pressure.
Types of Blood:
1) Oxygenated blood (oxygen rich blood): This kind of blood comes from lungs to heart.
It has more amount of oxygen. From heart, it reaches to cells of the body. Oxygen in this blood
helps the cells in respiration process,
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2) Deoxygenated blood (CO2 rich blood): This kind of blood comes from cells to heart. It
has more amount of carbon dioxide. From heart, it reaches to the lungs for purification (for adding
oxygen and removing CO2).
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BLOOD CIRCULATION IN THE HEART:
Deoxygenated Blood
(Coming from cells of the body)
Enters heart through
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
reaches
Right Atrium
Then blood goes into
Right Ventricle
when right ventricle
contracts, blood goes into
Pulmonary Arteries
Lungs
Oxygenated blood enters
in heart through
Pulmonary Veins
to
Left Atrium
Goes into
Left Ventricle
when left ventricle
contracts, blood goes into
body through
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Aorta
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Types of Blood Vessels In Human Body:
Arteries
1. Carry Oxygenated blood from heart to body
part except pulmonary Artery
2. Also called distributing Vessel
3. Thick and elastic because blood flows under
pressure from heart to body.
Veins
1. Carry deoxygenated blood from body parts
to heart except pulmonary vein.
2. Also called collecting Vessel.
3. Thin and Less elastic because blood doesn’t
flows under pressure.
Lymph
 When blood flows through arteries from heart to organs, they are under high pressure.
 Due to high pressure, a yellowish fluids escapes from the blood capillaries into the
intercellular spaces.
 It contains less proteins than blood.
 Lymph collected in the intercellular space is collected by lymphatic capillaries and joined
in veins.
 Veins carry back this blood to heart.
 WBC component in lymph helps in destroying germs and so protect us from diseases.
Transportation in Plants
 In plants, only green leaves can prepare food.
 They need raw materials like water and minerals which comes from root.
 Food or photosynthetic product prepared by leaf needs to be transported to all parts of
plants.
Xylem
Phloem
1. Carries water & minerals from the roots to
other part of the plant
2. No energy is used.
1. Carrier of food or photosynthetic product
from leaves to the other part of the plant.
2. Energy is used from ATP
Two Important Features Seen In Plants:
Transpiration is the process of loss of water as vapour from aerial parts of the plant
like stem, leaf, etc.
Function :
 Absorption and upward movement of water and minerals by creating vacuum
sanction in roots.
 Helps in temperature regulation in plant.
Translocation:
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 Transport of food from leaves (food factory) to different part of the plant is called
Translocation.
 Translocation is done by phloem.
EXCRETION
 Removal of harmful metabolic wastes from the body of living organism through a
biological process is called excretion.
 If harmful substances and wastes get collected in the body, it may cause death.
 So, Removing of waste is necessary in both plants and animals.
Excretion in Plants
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Oxygen, CO2 and H2O are removed by stomata through the process of transpiration.
Other wastes may be stored in non-green leaves, bark etc. which fall off from the plant.
Plants excrete some waste into the soil around them.
Gums and resin which comes out of the bark of tree are also waste materials.
Plants also store waste in its vacuole, which are later thrown out,
Excretion in Human Beings
The purpose of making urine is to filter out waste product from the blood like
urea, chemicals, etc, produced in the liver.
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Excretory system of human beings are:
 A pair of kidneys – reddish brown and bean-shaped organ present on
the backside (dorsal) side of abdomen.
 A pair of Ureters – long cylindrical structure connecting kidney to
urinary bladder. Waste material filtered by kidney is transported to
bladder by ureters.
 Urinary Bladder – The duct where the urine collects. When it is filled to
its capacity, we urinate.
 Urethra – Small opening at the end of bladder for bringing out urine.
Nephron:
 Each kidney has large numbers of filtration units called nephrons.
Parts and Function of Nephron:
 Glomerular Filtration: Bowman Capsule of the Nephron filter nitrogenous
wastes, glucose water, amino acid, etc.
 Tubular reabsorption : Useful substances from the filtrate are reabsorbed by
small capillaries surrounding the Nephron. Ex. If we don’t drink water for a long
time, then water is reabsorbed from waste to maintain water-level in the body.
 Secretion Extra water and salts are secreted into the tubule which open up into
the collecting duct and then into the ureters.
Kidney Failure and Treatment:
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 Humans have two kidneys, out of which one is sufficient to filter the blood
properly.
 In case both kidneys fail, artificial method is used to purify the blood.
 In Dialysis method, a filtering machine is attached to the body of the patient
through a pipe which filters out the blood.
 The process of purifying blood by an artificial kidney is called Haemodialysis
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