Download 1) Identify the three subatomic particles found in atoms: neutrons

1) Identify the three subatomic particles found in atoms: neutrons (nucleus), protons (nucleus), and
electrons (orbit the nucleus)
2) Describe the two main types of chemical bonds: Ionic-transfer electrons-salt. Covalent-shares electronswater.
3) Discuss the unique properties of water: water is polar molecule because the electrons are shared
unequally in the covalent bond and spend more time orbiting the around the oxygen-making the oxygen
have a negative charge and the hydrogens have a positive charge. Due to this, hydrogen bonds formwhich are not a physical bond but an attractive force. Hydrogen bonding is what creates surface tensionor cohesion: the attraction of molecules of the same substance.
4) Differentiate between solutions and suspensions: both are mixtures-something that is physically
combined but not chemically bonded. You can physically separate mixtures (solutions and suspensions).
A solution is something that is completely mixed into the solution. An example of a solution is salt:
ionically bound together and dissociates in water to form a solution. A suspension has small nondissolved material floating around the does not settle out-because it’s suspended, hence it’s a called a
suspension. An example of a suspension is blood.
5) Explain what acidic solutions and basic solutions are: An acid is between less than 7 and goes down to
0-lemon juice or stomach acid. All acids release a H+ ion into the solution. All bases release an OH- into
a solution. A base is higher than 7 and ranges to 14 on the pH scale. Most cleaners are bases-such as
stove cleaner. Buffers are weak bases or weak acids that react to stop sharp changes in the pH scale. pH
scale measures Hydrogen ions.
6) Describe the structures and functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules:
Carbohydrates are what living things use as their MAIN source of energy; they range from simple to
complex carbohydrates. Monosaccharides bond together to for polysaccharides. Cellulose is an example
of a complex carbohydrate that provides structures to plant wall. A polymer
Lipids: Fats and waxes-STORE energy. Glycerol head and a fatty acid tail. NOT a traditional polymer.
Nucleic Acids: made up of nucleotides. Store and transmit genetic information. They are our DNA and
RNA. They ARE polymers
Proteins: are made up from Amino Acids. They they ARE polymers. Control rate of reactions. Move
substances in and out of cells.
7) Explain how chemical reactions affect chemical bonds: they break apart reactants (bonds) and
recombine them to form products
8) Describe how energy changes affect how easily a chemical reaction will occur: Some reactions require
energy (endothermic) to start others-are exothermic and release energy-these can occur spontaneously
9) Explain why enzymes are important to living things: because it speeds up chemical reactions-helps us
digest things. Enzymes lower the activation energy. Activation energy is the energy needed to start a
reaction.
10) Explain how all of the isotopes of an element are similar and how they are different: All isotopes are the
same in that they have the same number of electrons and protons but are different because they vary in
the number of neutrons
11) Explain how compounds are different from their component elements: a compound made up of two or
more elements. An element is only made up of one type of atom.
12) The three particles that make up atoms are: protons, neutrons, and electrons
13) What are found in the space surrounding the nucleus of an atom? Electrons
14) If an atom contains 4 protons, 5 neutrons, and 3 electrons, its mass number is? 9 (Atomic Mass)
(Atomic Number is 4)
15) A covalent bond is formed by sharing or transferring electrons? Sharing
16) An ionic bond is formed by sharing or transferring electrons? transfers electrons
17) Understand why water is a polar molecule; in a water molecule, shared electrons spend more time
around the oxygen atom than the hydrogen, making the oxygen have what charge? Water is neutral.
Oxygen has a negative charge.
18) When salt is dissolved in water, water is the solute or solvent? Solvent. Water is the UNIVERSAL
SOLVENT.
19) What are the pH’s for stomach acid and oven cleaner? Stomach Acid - 1.5 - 3.5 pH-is an Acid. Oven pH
is:around 13-it’s very basic.
20) What are the functions of proteins? They can be enzymes, transport substance in and out of the cell.
21) Know reactants and products in a chemical equation
OH-+H+ H2O (l)
Reactants are on the left side of the arrow (OH-+H+) and products are on the right H2O (l)
22) If a reaction in one direction releases energy, the reaction in the opposite direction does what? Absorbs
energy
23) Be able to understand and interpret energy diagrams-what absorbs energy? What releases it? See #8
24) What are the qualities of enzymes? Speed up the rate of a reaction. Lower the activation energy. They
are used and over again. They have an INDUCED fit. Do not perfectly fit.
25) How many electrons are shared in a single, double, and triple bond? Single bonds share 2 electrons.
Double bonds share 4 electrons. Triple bonds share 6 electrons. Triple is the strongest.
26) Because they have the same number of protons and electrons, all isotopes of an element have the same
___Chemical______ properties
27) The elements oxygen and hydrogen can combine explosively to form ___acid__.
28) The pH scale is a measurement system that indicates the concentration of _Hydrogen ions_ in solution.
29) Complex carbohydrates are to monosaccharides as polymers are to: MONOMERS
30) What is a mixture?
A mixture is physically combined, not chemically combined/bonded together. Solutions (salt) and
suspensions (blood) are different types of mixtures.
31) Use the terms solvent and solute to describe how to prepare a salt solution. Add salt, which is the solute,
into water, which is the solvent to form saltwater.
32) What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid? Lipids with
unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature. Lipids with saturated fats are solid at room temperature.
Hydrocarbon tail of the fatty acid is missing a hydrogen in unsaturated fats.
33) Calculate the atomic mass and number of elements: Carbon 146 has a atomic mass of 14 and an atomic
number of 6. The atomic number and the proton number is the SAME=6. To calculate the number of
neutrons: neutron# = atomic mass-mass# example: Neutrons in Carbon 146= 14-6=8 neutrons
34) How can you account for the great number, size, and complexity of organic compounds? 1) Carbon only
has 4 valence shell electrons-meaning its very reactive and can bind with NUMEROUS different
molecules. 2) Carbon can bind to itself and make a chain that can be unlimited in length. Carbon can
covalently bond, forms rings, and form single, double, and triple bonds.
35) In a water molecule, shared electrons spend more time around the oxygen atom than the hydrogen
atoms. As a result, the oxygen atom is-negatively charged
36) Know the pH scale-what is neutral, acidic, and basic (know what the numbers mean): see #5
37) Know the chemical abbreviations for nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. N=nitrogen, C=carbon,
O=oxygen, H=hydrogen
38) What is the activation energy-the energy required to start a chemical reaction. Enzymes act to lower the
activation energy.
39) Chemical reactions that release energy-exothermic reactions. Reactions are higher than Products on the
graph that release energy. Products are higher than reactants on the graph that absorb energy.
40) Know what a buffer is-it’s either a weak acid or weak base that prevents drastic changes in pH when a
strong acid or strong base is added to the solution.
41) The four groups of macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Which of
these groups are polymers and which are not? Explain your answer.
Carbohydrates monosaccharides are the monomer and polysaccharides are the polymer.
Lipids: Glycerol head and a fatty acid tail. NOT a traditional polymer.
Nucleic Acids: made up of nucleotides. The nucleotide is the monomer and the polymer is the nucleic acid.
Proteins: are made up from Amino Acids. They they ARE polymers. The monomer is the amino acid and
the polymer is the protein.
42) Why are atoms considered neutral? Because they have charges an even number of electrons and protonsthe charges balance out and the atom is considered neutral.
43) Can you predict the properties of a compound by knowing the properties of the elements that make up
the compound? Explain your answer. Yes. The periodic table is arranged by reactivity and electronegativity. They are grouped by how they can react based on the number of valence shell elctrons.
44) The name of an enzyme usually ends in ___ASE____
45) The energy need to start a chemical reaction is called the: Activation energy