Download Writer`s Notebook Table of Contents

Writer’s Notebook Table of Contents
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Peer Editing Checklist
Plural Nouns
Nouns
Transition Words
Spelling Demons
Dialogue
Helping Verbs
Simple, Compound, Complex Sentences
Fragments, Run-Ons, Comma Splices
Leads
Figurative Language
Types of Sentences
Prepositional Phrases
Prepositions
Subject & Predicate
Other Synonyms II
Other Synonyms I
Synonyms for “went”
Synonyms for “said”
How to Show Character’s Emotions
Action Verbs
Active v. Passive Voice
Alliteration
Heading
Writer’s Notebook p. 190
Heading
Every writing assignment you complete must have a proper heading.
Your first & last name
Class name
Teacher name
Date
Title
Example:
Mary Jones
English 6B
Madigan
September 20, 2013
Dark and Stormy Night
Writer’s Notebook p. 189
Alliteration
Alliteration: repeating the beginning consonant sounds of words
VOWELS = a, e, i, o, u
CONSONANTS = every letter of the alphabet that is not a vowel
Examples from Secret Knowledge of Adults by D. Wisniewski
• Vanquished vegetables
• Packs of peas
• Big bunch of broccoli
• Colossal cows
• Bomb-proof briefcase
Writer’s Notebook p. 188
Active v. Passive Voice
1.) Action verbs – something the subject can do (cry, smile, walk)
2.) Linking verbs – “link” the subject to the rest of the sentence
*is am are was were be being been*
Active Voice – the subject does the action
Ex.) The dog bit the boy.
Passive Voice – the action is done to the subject
Ex.) The boy was bitten by the dog.
In this sentence, the subject (boy) is NOT doing the biting.
Look for linking verbs (was) to signal Passive Voice.
Try to avoid Passive Voice in your writing!
Look for linking verbs and ask yourself: Can I use action verbs instead?
Ex.) Passive voice: The test was failed by the whole class.
Active voice: The whole class failed the test.
Writer’s Notebook p. 187
Action Verbs
1.) Circle the action verbs. Draw an arrow from the subject to the action verb.
2.) Look for linking verbs (is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been). Try to rewrite the
sentence using action verbs.
John Henry sang and he hammered and the air danced and the rainbow
shimmered and the earth shook and rolled from the blows of the
hammer. Finally it was quiet. Slowly the dust cleared.
Folks could not believe their eyes. The boulder was gone. In its
place was the prettiest and straightest road they had ever seen. Not only
had John Henry pulverized the boulder into pebbles, he had finished
building the road.
In the distance, where the new road connected to the main one, the
road crew saw John Henry waving good-bye, a hammer on each
shoulder, the rainbow draped around him in love.
Writer’s Notebook p. 186
How to Show Character’s Emotions
When writing a story, don’t simply tell how a character feels.
Use these descriptors to show the reader the character’s emotions.
Writer’s Notebook p. 185
Synonyms for “said”
in a happy way
• laughed
• rejoiced
• giggled
• joked
in an angry way
• raged
• miffed
• seethed
• fumed
• retorted
• thundered
• blurted
• barked
• roared
in an
understanding
way
• empathized
• accepted
• consoled
• crooned
• comforted
• sympathized
• agreed
as an answer
• responded
• retorted
• replied
• answered
• acknowledged
in a sad way
cried
agonized
bawled
blubbered
lamented
sobbed
groaned
sniveled
wept
mourned
in a bossy way
insisted
bossed
demanded
preached
dictated
professed
ordered
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
in an upset
way
• cried out
• cried
• screamed
• jabbered
• bellowed
• groaned
• howled
• shrieked
• grieved
• wailed
• yelped
in a tired way
• mumbled
• struggled
• emitted
• wearied
in a frightened
way
• quaked
• stammered
• shuddered
• quivered
• trembled
in a begging
way
• beseeched
• begged
• implored
• pleaded
• entreated
• appealed to
Writer’s Notebook p. 184
Synonyms for “went”
Writer’s Notebook p. 183
Other Synonyms I
GOOD
• great
• excellent
• fantastic
• superb
• wonderful
• delightful
• exceptional
• fine
• terrific
• jolly
• fabulous
• brilliant
• killer
• marvelous
• outstanding
• smashing
BAD
• imperfect
• shoddy
• careless
• pathetic
• miserable
• awful
• atrocious
• unacceptable
• unsatisfactory
• terrible
• crummy
• rotten
• lousy
• disagreeable
• unpleasant
• dreadful
NICE
• pleasant
• kind
• polite
• warm
• goodhearted
• agreeable
• lovely
• wellbehaved
• courteous
• respectful
• obedient
• honorable
• decent
• trustworthy
WORDS TO AVOID:
• things
o
o
•
•
•
stuff
o
o
He likes soccer and stuff like that.
In addition to soccer, he likes tennis and skiing.
o
o
I got a gold medal at the spelling bee.
I received a gold medal at the spelling bee.
got
is/am/are
o
o
•
•
•
•
The sun is warm.
The sun’s warmth comforts me.
was/were
o
o
We were late to the meeting.
We arrived late to the meeting.
o
o
She talks very fast.
She talks extremely fast.
very
always
o
o
•
Things were scattered around the room.
Papers and books were scattered around the room.
Teachers always give homework.
The older I get, the more homework I get.
never
o
o
Parents never understand their kids.
Parents sometimes struggle to understand their
kids.
o
o
Her house is just down the street.
Her house is down the street.
just
Writer’s Notebook p. 182
Other Synonyms II
Writer’s Notebook p. 181
Subject & Predicate
Subject: the person, place, thing or idea that the sentence is about
Predicate: tells you what happened
Ex. Camp starts today.
Subject: camp
Predicate: starts
simple subject: the main word in the complete subject.
complete subject: contains all the words that help to identify the
main person, place, thing, or idea of the sentence.
The complete subject in each of the following sentences is
italicized. The simple subject is underlined.
Someone in this row is sitting in the wrong seat.
A wonderful and exciting display is planned.
simple predicate: the verb or verb phrase
complete predicate: the verb and all the words that describe it.
The complete predicate in each of the following sentences is
italicized. The simple predicate is underlined.
Veronica finished the puzzle in record time.
Prepositions
aboard
about
above
according to
across
after
against
ahead of
along
alongside
amid
amidst
among(st)
apart
around
aside
at
because of
before
behind
below
beneath
beside(s)
between
beyond
but
by
concerning
despite
down
due to
during
except
for
from
in
inside
instead of
into
near
next to
of
off
on
onto
out
outside
over
past
regarding
since
through
throughout
to
toward(s)
under
underneath
until
up
upon
with
within
without
Writer’s Notebook p. 179
Prepositional Phrases
• Begin with a preposition
• End with a noun or pronoun = Object of the Preposition (OP)
• Show a relationship between words:
OP
o Where: I went to the store.
OP
o When: We left after dinner.
OP
o How: He washed the dishes with soapy water.
More Examples:
OP
OP
Before lunch they play on the soccer field.
OP
OP
Throughout the year we will take notes in our Writer’s Notebooks.
OP
OP
According to our teacher, the test is on Friday.
Writer’s Notebook p. 178
Types of Sentences
1.) Declarative
• Makes a statement
• Ends with a period
• Ex.) I like pizza.
2.) Imperative
• Gives a command
• Ends with a period
• Ex.) Finish your pizza.
3.) Interrogative
• Asks a question
• Ends with a ?
• Ex.) Do you like pizza?
4.) Exclamatory
• Shows strong feeling
• Ends with an !
• Ex.) I love pizza!
Writer’s Notebook p. 177
Figurative Language
Simile – compares 2 unlike things using “like” or “as”
Ex.) Her hair is like silk.
Metaphor – compares 2 unlike things but does NOT use “like” or “as”
Ex.) She has a bubbly personality.
Idiom – an expression that cannot be understood using the individual meanings of
words
Ex.) It’s raining cats and dogs.
Onomatopoeia – words that imitate the sounds they are describing
Ex.) Buzz, Swish, Click
Personification – giving human traits to nonhuman things
Ex.) My computer hates me.
The alarm clock was screaming at me.
Imagery – words/phrases that help the reader “see” the story in his/her mind;
describes the 5 senses: see, hear, touch, taste, smell,
Ex.) I was scared.
v.
Eyes wide, my hands trembled as I croaked, “Who’s there?”
Hyperbole – extreme over exaggeration
Ex.) The whole world just heard you burp.
My parents are going to kill me!
Writer’s Notebook p. 176
Leads
5 ways to hook the reader in the first few sentences of a story:
1. Thoughtshot – Put the reader inside a character’s mind
“Why am I afraid to tell my sister how I feel?” Billy thought to himself.
2. Dialogue –Spark the reader’s interest with a character quote
“Come on, Billy! Hurry! If we run, we can ride in the front car!” Lyddie squealed with
excitement.
3. Question - Engage the reader by asking a question
Is there any better way to spend a beautiful Saturday than at Great Adventure Amusement Park
with your best friends?
4. Snapshot Setting - Create a picture in the reader's mind
It was hard to walk through the throngs of people –women pushing carriages, children running
and bumping into each other, older couples strolling along arm-in-arm – as bits of notes floated
in between from the merry-go-round, my favorite ride.
5. Snapshot Character – Create a picture in the reader's mind
Billy was not a coward. He just didn’t like the twisty, turny rides, especially the ones that turned
you upside down. For an eight-year-old, he usually was pretty bold. He even didn’t mind
sleeping in his own bedroom without a nightlight.
Writer’s Notebook p. 175
Fragments, Run-Ons, Comma Splices
Fragment: is missing a subject or verb
OR
is not a complete thought
Ex.) My Aunt Sally.
Whenever we go to the mall.
Run-On:
a sentence with 2+ complete thoughts that run together
Ex.) Rowena and Woovis are friends they jog together twice a week.
Comma Splice: a sentence with 2 complete thoughts separated only by a comma.
Ex.) We went to the movies, I bought popcorn.
3 ways to fix a Run-On or Comma Splice:
• Use a comma AND a conjunction
We went to the movies, and I bought popcorn.
• Make two sentences
We went to the movies. I bought popcorn.
• Separate with a semicolon
We went to the movies; I bought popcorn.
Writer’s Notebook p. 174
Simple, Compound, & Complex Sentences
Independent Clause – a group of words that can stand alone as a complete
sentence
Dependent Clause – a group of words that cannot stand alone as a complete
sentence, more words are needed to complete the thought
Simple Sentence - expresses only one complete thought. It is one independent
clause.
Ex.) Mary and Tom washed the dishes and put them away.
Compound Sentence – two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
Ex.) The students cleared their desks, and they put their chairs on their
desks.
Common Conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Complex Sentence – one independent clause and one (or more) dependent clause
Ex.) Whenever we go camping, mom and dad set up a six-person tent.
Writer’s Notebook p. 173
Helping Verbs
do
does
did
be
being
been
could
should
would
is
am
are
was
were
has
have
had
Exs.) We might help Tim with his homework.
My parents were reading the newspaper.
Did she see that movie last week?
may
might
must
can
shall
will
Writer’s Notebook p. 172
Dialogue
“Today is Friday,” said Tim.
Tim said, “Today is Friday.”
“Is today Friday?” asked Tim.
Tim asked, “Is today Friday?”
“I love Fridays!” exclaimed Tim.
Tim exclaimed, “I love Fridays!”
Split Dialogue:
“I love Fridays,” remarked Tim, “but I hate Mondays.”
*always capitalize the first word in the dialogue!
Writer’s Notebook p. 171-167
Spelling Demons
There – a location – “sit over there”
Their – possessive pronoun – “their car is blue”
They’re – they are – “they’re leaving early today”
Your – possessive pronoun – “your book is lost”
You’re – you are – “you’re my best friend”
Its – possessive pronoun – “its fur is striped”
It’s – it is – “it’s raining outside”
Writer’s Notebook p. 166
Transition Words
Use these words to add fluency to your sentences in your writing.
Further/furthermore
Not only ______, but also _________
Also
As a matter of fact/In fact
In addition (to)
Besides
Actually
On the other hand
For example
The fact that
However
Even though
Although
Due to
Because (of)
For this reason
Then
In that/this case
To begin with
First of all
Eventually
Next
Use these for a concluding sentence or paragraph:
Finally
Lastly
Overall
Therefore
To summarize
Writer’s Notebook p. 165
Nouns
CONCRETE:
• People – nurse, Timothy, poet
o Can you talk to it?
• Places – bank, Chicago, field
o Can you go there?
• Things – shoe, Checkers, rope
o Can you touch it?
ABSTRACT:
• Ideas/Feelings/Emotions – hour, anger, July
o You can’t talk to it, go there, or touch it!
Proper Nouns: a specific person, place, thing, or idea; gets a capital letter
Ex.) Mr. Jones, Hawaii, Snuggie, Communism
Common Nouns: any general person, place, thing, or idea
Ex.) man, island, blanket, government
POSSESSIVE NOUNS:
• Singular – add ‘s
o Ex.) a boy’s hat, one house’s front door, Miss Guss’s car
• Plural, ends in “s” – add only ‘
o Ex.) three cats’ tails, many balloons’ helium, the desks’ legs
• Plural, does NOT end in “s” – add ‘s
o Ex.) five children’s books, many sheep’s hooves,
Writer’s Notebook p. 164
Plural Nouns
1.Ending in a consonant and y, change
the y to i and ad –es
Story – stories
Lady – ladies
Fly - flies
3. Some nouns ending in –f or –fe,
change the f to v and add –s or –es
Knife – knives
Loaf – loaves
Hoof - hooves
5. Ending in a consonant and o, add
–es
Potato – potatoes
Hero – heroes
Mosquito - mosquitoes
7. Plural of a compound noun written
as a hyphenated word, make the most
important word plural
Sister-in-law – sisters-in-law
Editor-in-chief – editors-in-chief
9. Just strange!
cactus – cacti, cactuses, cactus
ox – oxen
man – men
fungus – fungi, funguses
2.Ending in a vowel and y, add s
Monkey – monkeys
Toy – toys
Journey - journeys
4. Ending with a vowel and o, add s
Rodeo – rodeos
Radio – radios
Video - videos
6. Same in singular and plural
Chinese – Chinese
Sheep – sheep
Fish – fish (or fishes)
8. Compound word written as one
word, add –s or –es
Spoonful – spoonfuls
Hotdog - hotdogs
10. Add –‘s to form the plural of
letters, numbers, and symbols
A – A’s
1980 – 1980’s
13 – 13’s
Writer’s Notebook p. 163
Peer Editing Checklist
PEER EDITING CHECKLIST
IDEAS & CONTENT:
• What questions do you have while you read?
• Which sections are unclear?
• Where could specific details be added?
ORGANIZATION:
• Is there a clear beginning, middle, & end?
• Are important points/info missing or out of place?
• Is the writing confusing? If so, where?
SENTENCE FLUENCY
• Does the writing flow smoothly as you read it aloud?
• Are there opportunities to join short, choppy sentences together?
• Have compound & complex sentences been used?
• Check for fragments and run-ons.
WORD CHOICE
• Are certain words repeated over and over?
• Do sentences begin with different words?
• Has the writer used “I, me, my, we, us, you”? If so, is it appropriate
for the style of writing?
• AVOID: “good, bad, things, stuff, nice”
VOICE
• Does the writing use an appropriate tone? Formal v. informal?
CONVENTIONS
• Check for spelling, grammar, punctuation, and capitalization errors