* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Writer`s Notebook Table of Contents
English clause syntax wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Compound (linguistics) wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lexical semantics wikipedia , lookup
Georgian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Irish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ojibwe grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Russian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Icelandic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Italian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Turkish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Writer’s Notebook Table of Contents 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 Peer Editing Checklist Plural Nouns Nouns Transition Words Spelling Demons Dialogue Helping Verbs Simple, Compound, Complex Sentences Fragments, Run-Ons, Comma Splices Leads Figurative Language Types of Sentences Prepositional Phrases Prepositions Subject & Predicate Other Synonyms II Other Synonyms I Synonyms for “went” Synonyms for “said” How to Show Character’s Emotions Action Verbs Active v. Passive Voice Alliteration Heading Writer’s Notebook p. 190 Heading Every writing assignment you complete must have a proper heading. Your first & last name Class name Teacher name Date Title Example: Mary Jones English 6B Madigan September 20, 2013 Dark and Stormy Night Writer’s Notebook p. 189 Alliteration Alliteration: repeating the beginning consonant sounds of words VOWELS = a, e, i, o, u CONSONANTS = every letter of the alphabet that is not a vowel Examples from Secret Knowledge of Adults by D. Wisniewski • Vanquished vegetables • Packs of peas • Big bunch of broccoli • Colossal cows • Bomb-proof briefcase Writer’s Notebook p. 188 Active v. Passive Voice 1.) Action verbs – something the subject can do (cry, smile, walk) 2.) Linking verbs – “link” the subject to the rest of the sentence *is am are was were be being been* Active Voice – the subject does the action Ex.) The dog bit the boy. Passive Voice – the action is done to the subject Ex.) The boy was bitten by the dog. In this sentence, the subject (boy) is NOT doing the biting. Look for linking verbs (was) to signal Passive Voice. Try to avoid Passive Voice in your writing! Look for linking verbs and ask yourself: Can I use action verbs instead? Ex.) Passive voice: The test was failed by the whole class. Active voice: The whole class failed the test. Writer’s Notebook p. 187 Action Verbs 1.) Circle the action verbs. Draw an arrow from the subject to the action verb. 2.) Look for linking verbs (is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been). Try to rewrite the sentence using action verbs. John Henry sang and he hammered and the air danced and the rainbow shimmered and the earth shook and rolled from the blows of the hammer. Finally it was quiet. Slowly the dust cleared. Folks could not believe their eyes. The boulder was gone. In its place was the prettiest and straightest road they had ever seen. Not only had John Henry pulverized the boulder into pebbles, he had finished building the road. In the distance, where the new road connected to the main one, the road crew saw John Henry waving good-bye, a hammer on each shoulder, the rainbow draped around him in love. Writer’s Notebook p. 186 How to Show Character’s Emotions When writing a story, don’t simply tell how a character feels. Use these descriptors to show the reader the character’s emotions. Writer’s Notebook p. 185 Synonyms for “said” in a happy way • laughed • rejoiced • giggled • joked in an angry way • raged • miffed • seethed • fumed • retorted • thundered • blurted • barked • roared in an understanding way • empathized • accepted • consoled • crooned • comforted • sympathized • agreed as an answer • responded • retorted • replied • answered • acknowledged in a sad way cried agonized bawled blubbered lamented sobbed groaned sniveled wept mourned in a bossy way insisted bossed demanded preached dictated professed ordered • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • in an upset way • cried out • cried • screamed • jabbered • bellowed • groaned • howled • shrieked • grieved • wailed • yelped in a tired way • mumbled • struggled • emitted • wearied in a frightened way • quaked • stammered • shuddered • quivered • trembled in a begging way • beseeched • begged • implored • pleaded • entreated • appealed to Writer’s Notebook p. 184 Synonyms for “went” Writer’s Notebook p. 183 Other Synonyms I GOOD • great • excellent • fantastic • superb • wonderful • delightful • exceptional • fine • terrific • jolly • fabulous • brilliant • killer • marvelous • outstanding • smashing BAD • imperfect • shoddy • careless • pathetic • miserable • awful • atrocious • unacceptable • unsatisfactory • terrible • crummy • rotten • lousy • disagreeable • unpleasant • dreadful NICE • pleasant • kind • polite • warm • goodhearted • agreeable • lovely • wellbehaved • courteous • respectful • obedient • honorable • decent • trustworthy WORDS TO AVOID: • things o o • • • stuff o o He likes soccer and stuff like that. In addition to soccer, he likes tennis and skiing. o o I got a gold medal at the spelling bee. I received a gold medal at the spelling bee. got is/am/are o o • • • • The sun is warm. The sun’s warmth comforts me. was/were o o We were late to the meeting. We arrived late to the meeting. o o She talks very fast. She talks extremely fast. very always o o • Things were scattered around the room. Papers and books were scattered around the room. Teachers always give homework. The older I get, the more homework I get. never o o Parents never understand their kids. Parents sometimes struggle to understand their kids. o o Her house is just down the street. Her house is down the street. just Writer’s Notebook p. 182 Other Synonyms II Writer’s Notebook p. 181 Subject & Predicate Subject: the person, place, thing or idea that the sentence is about Predicate: tells you what happened Ex. Camp starts today. Subject: camp Predicate: starts simple subject: the main word in the complete subject. complete subject: contains all the words that help to identify the main person, place, thing, or idea of the sentence. The complete subject in each of the following sentences is italicized. The simple subject is underlined. Someone in this row is sitting in the wrong seat. A wonderful and exciting display is planned. simple predicate: the verb or verb phrase complete predicate: the verb and all the words that describe it. The complete predicate in each of the following sentences is italicized. The simple predicate is underlined. Veronica finished the puzzle in record time. Prepositions aboard about above according to across after against ahead of along alongside amid amidst among(st) apart around aside at because of before behind below beneath beside(s) between beyond but by concerning despite down due to during except for from in inside instead of into near next to of off on onto out outside over past regarding since through throughout to toward(s) under underneath until up upon with within without Writer’s Notebook p. 179 Prepositional Phrases • Begin with a preposition • End with a noun or pronoun = Object of the Preposition (OP) • Show a relationship between words: OP o Where: I went to the store. OP o When: We left after dinner. OP o How: He washed the dishes with soapy water. More Examples: OP OP Before lunch they play on the soccer field. OP OP Throughout the year we will take notes in our Writer’s Notebooks. OP OP According to our teacher, the test is on Friday. Writer’s Notebook p. 178 Types of Sentences 1.) Declarative • Makes a statement • Ends with a period • Ex.) I like pizza. 2.) Imperative • Gives a command • Ends with a period • Ex.) Finish your pizza. 3.) Interrogative • Asks a question • Ends with a ? • Ex.) Do you like pizza? 4.) Exclamatory • Shows strong feeling • Ends with an ! • Ex.) I love pizza! Writer’s Notebook p. 177 Figurative Language Simile – compares 2 unlike things using “like” or “as” Ex.) Her hair is like silk. Metaphor – compares 2 unlike things but does NOT use “like” or “as” Ex.) She has a bubbly personality. Idiom – an expression that cannot be understood using the individual meanings of words Ex.) It’s raining cats and dogs. Onomatopoeia – words that imitate the sounds they are describing Ex.) Buzz, Swish, Click Personification – giving human traits to nonhuman things Ex.) My computer hates me. The alarm clock was screaming at me. Imagery – words/phrases that help the reader “see” the story in his/her mind; describes the 5 senses: see, hear, touch, taste, smell, Ex.) I was scared. v. Eyes wide, my hands trembled as I croaked, “Who’s there?” Hyperbole – extreme over exaggeration Ex.) The whole world just heard you burp. My parents are going to kill me! Writer’s Notebook p. 176 Leads 5 ways to hook the reader in the first few sentences of a story: 1. Thoughtshot – Put the reader inside a character’s mind “Why am I afraid to tell my sister how I feel?” Billy thought to himself. 2. Dialogue –Spark the reader’s interest with a character quote “Come on, Billy! Hurry! If we run, we can ride in the front car!” Lyddie squealed with excitement. 3. Question - Engage the reader by asking a question Is there any better way to spend a beautiful Saturday than at Great Adventure Amusement Park with your best friends? 4. Snapshot Setting - Create a picture in the reader's mind It was hard to walk through the throngs of people –women pushing carriages, children running and bumping into each other, older couples strolling along arm-in-arm – as bits of notes floated in between from the merry-go-round, my favorite ride. 5. Snapshot Character – Create a picture in the reader's mind Billy was not a coward. He just didn’t like the twisty, turny rides, especially the ones that turned you upside down. For an eight-year-old, he usually was pretty bold. He even didn’t mind sleeping in his own bedroom without a nightlight. Writer’s Notebook p. 175 Fragments, Run-Ons, Comma Splices Fragment: is missing a subject or verb OR is not a complete thought Ex.) My Aunt Sally. Whenever we go to the mall. Run-On: a sentence with 2+ complete thoughts that run together Ex.) Rowena and Woovis are friends they jog together twice a week. Comma Splice: a sentence with 2 complete thoughts separated only by a comma. Ex.) We went to the movies, I bought popcorn. 3 ways to fix a Run-On or Comma Splice: • Use a comma AND a conjunction We went to the movies, and I bought popcorn. • Make two sentences We went to the movies. I bought popcorn. • Separate with a semicolon We went to the movies; I bought popcorn. Writer’s Notebook p. 174 Simple, Compound, & Complex Sentences Independent Clause – a group of words that can stand alone as a complete sentence Dependent Clause – a group of words that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence, more words are needed to complete the thought Simple Sentence - expresses only one complete thought. It is one independent clause. Ex.) Mary and Tom washed the dishes and put them away. Compound Sentence – two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction Ex.) The students cleared their desks, and they put their chairs on their desks. Common Conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Complex Sentence – one independent clause and one (or more) dependent clause Ex.) Whenever we go camping, mom and dad set up a six-person tent. Writer’s Notebook p. 173 Helping Verbs do does did be being been could should would is am are was were has have had Exs.) We might help Tim with his homework. My parents were reading the newspaper. Did she see that movie last week? may might must can shall will Writer’s Notebook p. 172 Dialogue “Today is Friday,” said Tim. Tim said, “Today is Friday.” “Is today Friday?” asked Tim. Tim asked, “Is today Friday?” “I love Fridays!” exclaimed Tim. Tim exclaimed, “I love Fridays!” Split Dialogue: “I love Fridays,” remarked Tim, “but I hate Mondays.” *always capitalize the first word in the dialogue! Writer’s Notebook p. 171-167 Spelling Demons There – a location – “sit over there” Their – possessive pronoun – “their car is blue” They’re – they are – “they’re leaving early today” Your – possessive pronoun – “your book is lost” You’re – you are – “you’re my best friend” Its – possessive pronoun – “its fur is striped” It’s – it is – “it’s raining outside” Writer’s Notebook p. 166 Transition Words Use these words to add fluency to your sentences in your writing. Further/furthermore Not only ______, but also _________ Also As a matter of fact/In fact In addition (to) Besides Actually On the other hand For example The fact that However Even though Although Due to Because (of) For this reason Then In that/this case To begin with First of all Eventually Next Use these for a concluding sentence or paragraph: Finally Lastly Overall Therefore To summarize Writer’s Notebook p. 165 Nouns CONCRETE: • People – nurse, Timothy, poet o Can you talk to it? • Places – bank, Chicago, field o Can you go there? • Things – shoe, Checkers, rope o Can you touch it? ABSTRACT: • Ideas/Feelings/Emotions – hour, anger, July o You can’t talk to it, go there, or touch it! Proper Nouns: a specific person, place, thing, or idea; gets a capital letter Ex.) Mr. Jones, Hawaii, Snuggie, Communism Common Nouns: any general person, place, thing, or idea Ex.) man, island, blanket, government POSSESSIVE NOUNS: • Singular – add ‘s o Ex.) a boy’s hat, one house’s front door, Miss Guss’s car • Plural, ends in “s” – add only ‘ o Ex.) three cats’ tails, many balloons’ helium, the desks’ legs • Plural, does NOT end in “s” – add ‘s o Ex.) five children’s books, many sheep’s hooves, Writer’s Notebook p. 164 Plural Nouns 1.Ending in a consonant and y, change the y to i and ad –es Story – stories Lady – ladies Fly - flies 3. Some nouns ending in –f or –fe, change the f to v and add –s or –es Knife – knives Loaf – loaves Hoof - hooves 5. Ending in a consonant and o, add –es Potato – potatoes Hero – heroes Mosquito - mosquitoes 7. Plural of a compound noun written as a hyphenated word, make the most important word plural Sister-in-law – sisters-in-law Editor-in-chief – editors-in-chief 9. Just strange! cactus – cacti, cactuses, cactus ox – oxen man – men fungus – fungi, funguses 2.Ending in a vowel and y, add s Monkey – monkeys Toy – toys Journey - journeys 4. Ending with a vowel and o, add s Rodeo – rodeos Radio – radios Video - videos 6. Same in singular and plural Chinese – Chinese Sheep – sheep Fish – fish (or fishes) 8. Compound word written as one word, add –s or –es Spoonful – spoonfuls Hotdog - hotdogs 10. Add –‘s to form the plural of letters, numbers, and symbols A – A’s 1980 – 1980’s 13 – 13’s Writer’s Notebook p. 163 Peer Editing Checklist PEER EDITING CHECKLIST IDEAS & CONTENT: • What questions do you have while you read? • Which sections are unclear? • Where could specific details be added? ORGANIZATION: • Is there a clear beginning, middle, & end? • Are important points/info missing or out of place? • Is the writing confusing? If so, where? SENTENCE FLUENCY • Does the writing flow smoothly as you read it aloud? • Are there opportunities to join short, choppy sentences together? • Have compound & complex sentences been used? • Check for fragments and run-ons. WORD CHOICE • Are certain words repeated over and over? • Do sentences begin with different words? • Has the writer used “I, me, my, we, us, you”? If so, is it appropriate for the style of writing? • AVOID: “good, bad, things, stuff, nice” VOICE • Does the writing use an appropriate tone? Formal v. informal? CONVENTIONS • Check for spelling, grammar, punctuation, and capitalization errors