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Changes to the Environment Succession • Population interact to form a • Pioneer community – the first constantly changing community community to inhabit a new location • Populations must adapt to changing conditions • Ecological succession – the orderly change in the makeup of a community over time Pioneer Community Harsh environment Increasing biomass Inefficient energy consumption Nutrient loss Low species diversity Fluctuations common • Climax community – an established community that undergoes little change Climax Community Favorable environment Stable biomass Efficient energy consumption Nutrient cycling High species diversity Fluctuations uncommon Primary Succession • Primary succession – occurs in newly formed areas where no organisms existed before • Ex) Volcanic Eruption 1. Lichens and mosses colonize rocks 2. Lichens dissolve rock, forming soil 3. As lichens/mosses die, they add organic matter to the soil 4. Rich soil supports small animals, insects, and more plants 5. Barren rock becomes a terrestrial ecosystem Biology 13.3 – Changes to the Environment Changes to the Environment Secondary Succession • Secondary succession – occurs after a preexisting climax community has been partially or completely destroyed • Natural disasters • Land cleared for harvest or construction • Occurs where soil is already present • Ex) Abandoned cleared field 1. Weeds are pioneer species 2. Dying weeds add nutrients to the soil 3. New plants thrive, creating shade 4. Pine forest becomes the climax community Soil Changes to Ecosystems • Populations depend on each other • Change that affects one population can destroy the entire ecosystem • Ex) Kelp forest ecosystem Pioneer species Primary Succession None Autotrophic prokaryotes Lichens Mosses • Survival of a species • Dependent on maintaining population size • Must adapt to changes in limiting factors • Food • Water • Space • Affects biodiversity Secondary Succession Present Herbaceous plants • Biodiversity – includes the variation in life within a given species, ecosystem, biome or on earth, along with the complex interactions occurring among species • Currently decreasing • Decline affects all life Biology 13.3 – Changes to the Environment Changes to the Environment Role of Humans • Clearing land • Destroys ecosystems • Removes trees that absorb CO2 • Coal-burning machines • Releases CO2 • Increased CO2 • Greenhouse effect • Global climate change • Loss of biodiversity • Biomagnification – an effect in which the concentration of pollutants in a food chain dramatically increases with each step up in trophic levels • Dams • Displace communities • Increase water-borne diseases • Increase greenhouse gasses • Block fish migrations • Increase erosion • Cause loss of species • Burning of fossil fuels • Releases CO2 and nitrogen • Greenhouse effect • Global warming • Acid rain • Affects soil and water • Kills plants • Excessive irrigation • Erosion depletes nitrogen from soil • Poor plant growth • Fertilizers • Excess nitrogen • Affects soil and water • Algal blooms reduce O2 • Kills aquatic life • Decrease biodiversity • Overhunting • Introduced animals • Spread disease • Decimate natural populations Biology 13.3 – Changes to the Environment