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Extending the PNA-X Beyond 50Ω -Vector Receiver Load Pull -Active and Hybrid Load Pull - X-Parameters with Load Pull -Noise Parameters -Pulsed IV & Pulsed S-Parameters Gary Simpson CTO [email protected] 1 Who is Maury Microwave? 2 Maury Microwave Team Maury Engineers in USA Richard Wallace Thein Hla Gary Simpson Maury Engineers in Canada Steve Dudkiewicz Roman Meierer Eric Kueckels Maury Engineers in China David Li Steve Dorn BSW Europe AMCAD France YE Russia Remi Tuijtelaars Tony Gasseling Alexey Lezinov 3 Vector-Receiver Load Pull with PNA-X and Maury Tuners & IVCAD Software 4 Background Info – What is Load Pull? Highest Pout 1) Vary impedance presented to DUT (active device, transistor) 2) Measure Pout, Gain, Efficiency… 3) Determine best matching impedance 4) Design matching network (EEsof ADS) 5 Background Info – Loads and Load Pull VSWR α Gamma α 1/Ω 10:1 VSWR = Γ=0.82 = 5Ω 20:1 VSWR = Γ=0.9 = 2.5Ω Γ = a/b Probe Y X Mechanical Tuner Gamma comes from probe (slug) inserted into airline Airline 6 Background Info - Traditional Load Pull (Power Meter) (optional) Delivered output power is calculated from Power Meter de-embedded through SParameter block and Impedance Tuner Available input power is calculated from gain lookup table created during power calibration or from input Power Meter and then de-embedded through S-Parameter 7 block and Impedance Tuner Vector-Receiver Load Pull Network Analyzer Low-loss Coupler Signal Source Amplifier Impedance Tuner Pout = ( 1 2 b2 − a2 2 Pin ,del = ( 2 ) = ) ( 1 2 b2 ∗ 1 − Γ load 2 ( 1 1 2 2 2 a1 − b1 = a1 ∗ 1 − Γin 2 2 Low-loss 50Ω Load Coupler Impedance Tuner 2 2 ) ) 2 ( ( 2 b2 ∗ 1 − Γload P G p = out = 2 Pin ,del a1 ∗ 1 − Γin PAE = 2 ) ) Pout − Pin,del PDC 8 Large Signal Input Impedance Zin Zin changes as function of: - Drive power - Zload Traditional load pull matches source impedance at single power, not taking into account varying Zin during power sweep 9 Transducer Gain vs. Power Gain Gain values look low because only Pin,available is used… reflected power due to mismatch is not taken into account Knowing Zin allows us to calculate Power Gain, taking into account mismatch thereby showing true gain potential of device 10 Source Impedance Matching (Virtual Source Pull for unilateral transistors) Patent pending: US20100818301 20100618 11 Tuner Characterization and De-embedding Traditional LP Vector Receiver LP Required Recommended (not required) Number of Points More points = greater accuracy (even with interp) Minimum points required (no impact on accuracy) Tuner De-embedding Critical! (Accuracy relies on de-embedding) No tuner de-embedding Pre-Characterization Network Analyzer Power Meter Spectrum Analyzer Power Sensor Signal Source Amplifier Impedance Tuner Impedance Tuner Power Sensor Low-loss Coupler Signal Source Amplifier Impedance Tuner Low-loss 50Ω Load Coupler Impedance Tuner 12 System Verification Verification Procedure Traditional LP Vector Receiver LP ΔGt complex conjugate matched verification Zin vs. Zload comparison ΔGt complex conjugate matched verification 13 Comparison of Techniques 14 But What About Older Vector Receiver Method? Coupler before tuner instead of between tuner and DUT 15 De-embedding Through Tuner Clean contours Transducer gain Messy contours due to tuner deembedding Power gain 16 Vector-Receiver Load Pull Any N524x Agilent PNA-X 2-port with options: 21, 22, 25, 80, 200, 219, 224 4-port with options: 21, 22, 25, 80, 400, 419 17 Support Resource Agilent 5990-7899EN application note 18 Q&A 19 Active and Hybrid Load Pull with PNA-X and Maury ATS/IVCAD Software 20 Background Info – Loads and Load Pull VSWR α Gamma α 1/Ω 10:1 VSWR = Γ=0.82 = 5Ω 20:1 VSWR = Γ=0.9 = 2.5Ω Γ = a/b Probe Airline Mechanical Tuner Gamma comes from probe (slug) inserted into airline Γ<1 Active Tuner Gamma comes from signal generator and amplifier Γ=1 or Γ>1 21 Gamma Limitations of Passive Load Pull Maximum Tuning Range (exaggerated for effect) Tuner Tuner + Cable Tuner + Cable + Probe Losses of cables, probes, test fixtures reduces tuning range and cannot be overcome using traditional load pull methods 22 Harmonic Tuning with Traditional Load Pull External Tuners Traditional Load Pull systems require one mechanical tuner per frequency per DUT side To tune Fo, 2Fo and 3Fo at the same time requires 3 tuners (using multiplexer or cascaded methods) It is possible to build 3 tuners in 1 box, but it becomes 2-3x longer and 2-3x more expensive 23 Gamma Advantage of Active Load Pull Γ=0.99 Γ=0.99 Tuner + Cable + Probe Losses of cables, probes, test fixtures reduces tuning range, and can be overcome using larger amplifiers 24 Active Load Pull Active Fo Load Pull 25 Hybrid-Active Load Pull Active Fo Enhancement 26 Active Load Pull Active Fo, 2Fo, 3Fo 27 Hybrid-Active Load Pull Passive Fo, Active 2Fo and 3Fo 28 29 Measured Data – Passive VS Active Excellent Agreement Traditional Load Pull Active Load Pull 30 Passive Fo Active 2Fo, 3Fo Γ2Fo=0.988 @ DUT on-wafer! One of many configurations of hybrid/active load pull Support Resources 5A-050 Microwaves & RF Magazine Cover Story - Sept 2010 5C-086 Agilent Document 5990-7639EN 32 Active Load Pull PNA-X internal source used to tune Fo External sources can be used to tune 2Fo, 3Fo Any Agilent PNA-X 2-port with option 224 (two sources) Any 4-port configuration 33 Hybrid-Active Load Pull PNA-X internal source used to tune 2Fo Mechanical tuner used to tune Fo External sources can be used to tune 3Fo Any Agilent PNA-X 2-port with option 224 (two sources) Any 4-port configuration 34 Q&A 35 X-Parameters with Load Pull 36 Prior Art Separate Disciplines • Load Pull – Determine Match for a Single Device (basic amplifier design) – Verify Large Signal Models (model validation tool) • X-Parameters at 50 Ohms – Excellent data for 50 ohm matched devices, even in nonlinear region – What about non-50 ohms? 37 Instant Large-Signal Model Over the Entire Smith Chart! New: Load-Dependent X-Parameters (Co-Developed by Maury and Agilent) Created Instantly from Load Pull Data • • • • • • Maury Load Pull Agilent NVNA SW in PNA-X Run Sweep Plan Save X-Param File Simulate in ADS 38 STEP 1: Load Pull 39 STEP 2: X-Parameter Model in ADS X-Parameter Component Vs_high I_Probe Is_high DC_Feed DC_Feed2 Vs_low I_Probe Is_low V_DC SRC1 Vdc=8 V DC_Feed DC_Feed1 DC_Block DC_Block1 vsrc P_1Tone PORT1 Num=1 Z=Z_s P=dbmtow(Pavs) Freq=RFfreq I_Probe Isrc V_DC SRC2 Vdc=-1 V I_Probe Iload vload DC_Block DC_Block2 WJ_FP2189_PHD WJ_FP2189_PHD_1 fundamental_1=_freq1 S1P_Eqn S1 S[1,1]=LoadTuner Z[1]=Z0 Industry Breakthrough 40 Comparison of Measured and Simulated Data Pout PAE Blue – Simulated, Red - Measured 41 WJ FP2189 1W HFET .2 .7 27 7.2 2 20 0.30 15 0.25 10 0.20 5 0.15 0 0.10 -5 SimulatedCurrent MeasuredCurrent 28 SimulatedVoltage MeasuredVoltage Measured and Simulated Voltage and Current Waveforms 0.05 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Measured and Simulated Dynamic Load Line 0.30 14 0.25 0.4 12 10 0.3 8 0.2 6 0.1 4 0.0 2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 time, nsec 0.8 1.0 SimulatedCurrent MeasuredCurrent Measured and Simulated Voltage and Current Waveforms 0.5 16 SimulatedCurrent MeasuredCurrent SimulatedVoltage MeasuredVoltage time, nsec 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 MeasuredVoltage SimulatedVoltage Agilent Restricted 42 August 21, 2009 2nd and 3rd virtual harmonic tuning Load conditions PAE vs. Available Input Power 70 gamma[3] gamma[2] gamma[1] Measured_PAE XParam_PAE 60 50 40 30 20 10 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Pin_avail (0.000 to 0.000) Dynamic Load Line Voltage and Current Waveforms at output 2.0 70 60 1.5 1.5 Measured_Vout XParam_Vout 50 1.0 0.5 40 1.0 30 0.5 20 10 0.0 Measured_Iout XParam_Iout Measured_Iout XParam_Iout 2.0 0.0 0 -0.5 -10 0 10 20 30 40 XParam_Vout Measured_Vout 50 60 70 -10 -0.5 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 time, nsec 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 43 2nd and 3rd virtual harmonic tuning PAE vs. Available Input Power Load conditions 70 gamma[3] gamma[2] gamma[1] Measured_PAE XParam_PAE 60 50 40 30 20 10 (0.000 to 0.000) 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Pin_avail Dynamic Load Line Voltage and Current Waveforms at output 2.0 70 60 1.5 Measured_Vout XParam_Vout 1.5 1.0 0.5 50 1.0 40 30 0.5 20 0.0 Measured_Iout XParam_Iout Measured_Iout XParam_Iout 2.0 0.0 10 -0.5 0 0 10 20 30 40 XParam_Vout Measured_Vout 50 60 70 -0.5 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 time, nsec 44 When Are X-Parameters Useful? X-Parameters are most useful for: Advanced Amplifier Design – such as Doherty amplifiers, where multiple amplifiers must be individually modeled and then designed into the same simulation System Engineering – X-Parameter models can be taken of amplifiers, mixers… and modeling into an entire system to simulate overall system performance 45 Support Resources 5A-041 5C-083 Agilent Technologies 5990-4464EN application note 46 Q&A 47 Ultra-Fast Ultra-Accurate Noise Parameters 48 Noise Parameters – Why important? DUT Requirements High Gain, Low Noise, Broadband frequency range • Matching networks – – optimize source impedance – Minimize device noise and maximize gain • Balance noise figure and source impedance – Critical for LNA design Review of Noise concepts • Simple noise figure – Noise generated by a device @ 50Ω • Noise parameters – Noise generated by a device – @ any given source impedance (Γs) – Goal - Optimum (Γs) for lowest Fmin Review of Noise concepts Review of Noise concepts – Fmin - minimum noise figure – Γopt - optimum reflection co-efficient (mag & phase) – Rn - equivalent series resistance – Γs – source reflection co-efficient Review of Noise concepts • • • • 4 unknowns 4 equations @ 4 known Γs Solved In Practice – Use Over-Determined Data Background Info – Older Technologies Separate Instruments External Switches and cabling PNA, 8720, 8753 346 NS 8767 switch N8970 or N8975 Electronic NP5 System using NFA or SA Mechanical Tuner System using NFA or SA 54 MMC Measurement Methods Traditional Method – Results @ 0.1GHz Step MMC Measurement Methods Traditional Method – Same Data @ 0.5GHz Step MMC Measurement Methods • Ultra fast noise method – Characterize one set of impedance states – Point selection – based on non uniform phase spacing – Sweep frequency at each state – Advantage – Speed and accuracy (multiple points) – DUT with very high Γopt (mag)/ high Rn Ultra-Fast Noise Parameter Solutions *(patent pending) 58 MMC Measurement Methods Fast Noise Method – 73 points Speed Improvement Older technologies took 30+ hours; PNA-X method took 8-30 minutes! Speed improvement of over 100X 60 Accuracy Improvement Scale = 0.2dB/DIV Jitter = Uncertainty (Error) Jitter of 0.4dB If NF=0.4dB Æ Uncertainty = 100% Same Scale = 0.2dB/DIV Jitter of 0.01-0.04dB Accuracy Improvement of 10X+ 61 Measured Data Scale = 0.2dB/DIV NFmin ~ 0.4-0.6 dB! (extremely low) Jitter = <0.001 dB!!! (extremely accurate) Total time = 15 minutes! (extremely fast) 8-50 GHz Measurements (extremely broadband) On-Wafer Measurements (extremely difficult) 62 Support Resources 5A-042 5C-084 63 Support Resources 5990-4463EN Application note 5C-085 64 Ultra-Fast Noise Parameter Solutions *(patent pending) AGILENT N5242A-029 0.8-18 GHz or 2-26 GHz AGILENT N5245A-H29 2-50 GHz or 8-50 GHz 65 Q&A 66 Pulsed IV and Pulsed S-Parameters with PNA-X and Maury/AMCAD Solution 67 Background Info – IV Curves - Represents transistor response to specific bias - Used to determine biasing conditions for specific classes of amplifier operation - Measure drain current as a function of drain voltage for various gate voltages 68 Background Info – S-Parameters - Describe the electrical behavior of linear electrical networks when undergoing various steady state stimuli by electrical signals - S11 = energy reflected to port 1 from port 1 (return loss) - S21 = energy transmitted to port 2 from port 2 (gain) - S12 energy transmitted to port 1 from port 2 - S22 = energy reflected to port 2 from port 2 69 Background Info – Self-Heating and Trapping DC bias Æ device heats Æ current drops (red) Pulsed bias Æ device does not heat Æ current is stable (green) Gate-lag: decrease of drain current Gate quiescent (starting) voltage affects curves Drain quiescent (starting) voltage affects curves Drain-lag: increase of Vknee Gate-lag Drain-lag Green (Vgs0=0V,Vds0=0V) Red (Vgs0=-3V, Vds0=0V) Red (Vgs0=-4 V, Vds0=0V) Green (Vgs0=-3V, Vds0=30V) 70 Pulsed IV and Pulsed S-Parameters Any N524x Agilent PNA-X 2-port with options: 21, 22, 25, 80, 200, 219, 224 4-port with options: 21, 22, 25, 80, 400, 419 71 Measured Data – Pulsed IV & S-Parameters Pulsed IV Curves Pulsed S-Parameters 72 Measured Data - Modeling Linear Model Non-Linear Model 73 Support Resource Agilent 5990-7744EN application note 74 Q&A 75 New IVCAD Software 76 Visualization 77 Pulsed IV and Pulsed S-Parameters 78 Pulsed IV and Pulsed S-Parameters 79 Modeling Linear Model Non-Linear Model 80 Modeling 81 Vector-Receiver Load Pull 82 Vector-Receiver Load Pull 83 Vector-Receiver Load Pull 84 Vector-Receiver Load Pull 85 60 Second Summary You have load pull needs – we have you covered! Maury Microwave Corporation, Agilent Technologies’ only ‘Global Solutions Partner’ in the realm of non-50Ω impedance control, has the most complete selection of load pull solutions. Based on Agilent’s PNA-X and Maury’s IVCAD measurement and modeling device characterization software, Maury offers nonlinear characterization solutions such as passive, active and hybrid-active fundamental and harmonic vectorreceiver load pull, non-50Ω X-Parameter modeling, pulsed IV/sparameters and equivalent circuit modeling, and patent-pending ultrafast/accurate noise parameters. Maury Microwave, your complete measurement and modeling solutions partner! 86 When You Need a Demo Americas EMEA Steve Dorn Manager, Device Characterization Sales & Support - Americas Email: [email protected] Phone: 909-912-2543 SKYPE (search) steve_dorn Steve Dudkiewicz Director, Business Development [email protected] Mobile: +1 (647) 896-3418 Asia David X. Li, Ph.D. Director, Marketing and Sales - Asia [email protected] 909-204-3346 (voice mail, US) 909-912-9544 (Domestic only, US) +86-159-6985-9799 (China) +886-933-640-094 (Taiwan, HK) 87