Download Vector Receiver Load Pull

Extending the PNA-X
Beyond 50Ω
-Vector Receiver Load Pull
-Active and Hybrid Load Pull
- X-Parameters with Load Pull
-Noise Parameters
-Pulsed IV & Pulsed S-Parameters
Gary Simpson
CTO
[email protected]
1
Who is Maury Microwave?
2
Maury Microwave Team
Maury Engineers in USA
Richard
Wallace
Thein Hla
Gary
Simpson
Maury Engineers in Canada
Steve
Dudkiewicz
Roman
Meierer
Eric
Kueckels
Maury Engineers in China
David Li
Steve
Dorn
BSW Europe
AMCAD France
YE Russia
Remi
Tuijtelaars
Tony
Gasseling
Alexey
Lezinov
3
Vector-Receiver Load Pull with PNA-X
and Maury Tuners & IVCAD Software
4
Background Info – What is Load Pull?
Highest Pout
1) Vary impedance presented
to DUT (active device,
transistor)
2) Measure Pout, Gain,
Efficiency…
3) Determine best matching
impedance
4) Design matching network
(EEsof ADS)
5
Background Info – Loads and Load Pull
VSWR α Gamma α 1/Ω
10:1 VSWR = Γ=0.82 = 5Ω
20:1 VSWR = Γ=0.9 = 2.5Ω
Γ = a/b
Probe
Y
X
Mechanical Tuner
Gamma comes from probe
(slug) inserted into airline
Airline
6
Background Info - Traditional Load Pull
(Power Meter)
(optional)
Delivered output power is calculated from Power Meter de-embedded through SParameter block and Impedance Tuner
Available input power is calculated from gain lookup table created during power
calibration or from input Power Meter and then de-embedded through S-Parameter
7
block and Impedance Tuner
Vector-Receiver Load Pull
Network Analyzer
Low-loss
Coupler
Signal Source Amplifier Impedance Tuner
Pout =
(
1
2
b2 − a2
2
Pin ,del =
(
2
)
=
)
(
1 2
b2 ∗ 1 − Γ load
2
(
1
1 2
2
2
a1 − b1 = a1 ∗ 1 − Γin
2
2
Low-loss
50Ω Load
Coupler Impedance Tuner
2
2
)
)
2
(
(
2
b2 ∗ 1 − Γload
P
G p = out =
2
Pin ,del
a1 ∗ 1 − Γin
PAE =
2
)
)
Pout − Pin,del
PDC
8
Large Signal Input Impedance Zin
Zin changes as function of:
- Drive power
- Zload
Traditional load pull matches
source impedance at single power,
not taking into account varying Zin
during power sweep
9
Transducer Gain vs. Power Gain
Gain values look low because only
Pin,available is used… reflected power
due to mismatch is not taken into
account
Knowing Zin allows us to
calculate Power Gain, taking into
account mismatch thereby showing
true gain potential of device
10
Source Impedance Matching
(Virtual Source Pull for unilateral transistors)
Patent pending: US20100818301 20100618
11
Tuner Characterization and De-embedding
Traditional LP
Vector Receiver LP
Required
Recommended (not
required)
Number of Points
More points = greater
accuracy (even with interp)
Minimum points required
(no impact on accuracy)
Tuner De-embedding
Critical! (Accuracy relies
on de-embedding)
No tuner de-embedding
Pre-Characterization
Network Analyzer
Power Meter
Spectrum
Analyzer
Power
Sensor
Signal Source
Amplifier
Impedance Tuner
Impedance Tuner
Power
Sensor
Low-loss
Coupler
Signal Source Amplifier Impedance Tuner
Low-loss
50Ω Load
Coupler Impedance Tuner
12
System Verification
Verification
Procedure
Traditional LP
Vector Receiver LP
ΔGt
complex conjugate
matched verification
Zin vs. Zload comparison
ΔGt
complex conjugate matched
verification
13
Comparison of Techniques
14
But What About Older Vector Receiver Method?
Coupler before tuner instead of between tuner and DUT
15
De-embedding Through Tuner
Clean
contours
Transducer gain
Messy
contours
due to
tuner deembedding
Power gain
16
Vector-Receiver Load Pull
Any N524x Agilent PNA-X
2-port with options: 21, 22, 25, 80, 200, 219, 224
4-port with options: 21, 22, 25, 80, 400, 419
17
Support Resource
Agilent 5990-7899EN
application note
18
Q&A
19
Active and Hybrid Load Pull with
PNA-X and Maury ATS/IVCAD
Software
20
Background Info – Loads and Load Pull
VSWR α Gamma α 1/Ω
10:1 VSWR = Γ=0.82 = 5Ω
20:1 VSWR = Γ=0.9 = 2.5Ω
Γ = a/b
Probe
Airline
Mechanical Tuner
Gamma comes from probe
(slug) inserted into airline
Γ<1
Active Tuner
Gamma comes from signal
generator and amplifier
Γ=1 or Γ>1
21
Gamma Limitations of Passive Load Pull
Maximum Tuning Range (exaggerated for effect)
Tuner
Tuner + Cable
Tuner + Cable + Probe
Losses of cables, probes, test fixtures reduces
tuning range and cannot be overcome using
traditional load pull methods
22
Harmonic Tuning with Traditional Load Pull
External Tuners
Traditional Load Pull systems require one mechanical tuner per frequency per DUT side
To tune Fo, 2Fo and 3Fo at the same time requires 3 tuners (using multiplexer or cascaded methods)
It is possible to build 3 tuners in 1 box, but it becomes 2-3x longer and 2-3x more expensive 23
Gamma Advantage of Active Load Pull
Γ=0.99
Γ=0.99
Tuner + Cable + Probe
Losses of cables, probes, test fixtures reduces tuning
range, and can be overcome using larger amplifiers
24
Active Load Pull
Active Fo Load Pull
25
Hybrid-Active Load Pull
Active Fo Enhancement
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Active Load Pull
Active Fo, 2Fo, 3Fo
27
Hybrid-Active Load Pull
Passive Fo, Active 2Fo and 3Fo
28
29
Measured Data – Passive VS Active
Excellent Agreement
Traditional Load Pull
Active Load Pull
30
Passive Fo
Active 2Fo, 3Fo
Γ2Fo=0.988 @ DUT
on-wafer!
One of many configurations of hybrid/active load pull
Support Resources
5A-050
Microwaves & RF Magazine
Cover Story - Sept 2010
5C-086
Agilent Document
5990-7639EN
32
Active Load Pull
PNA-X internal
source used to
tune Fo
External sources
can be used to
tune 2Fo, 3Fo
Any Agilent PNA-X
2-port with option 224 (two sources)
Any 4-port configuration
33
Hybrid-Active Load Pull
PNA-X internal
source used to
tune 2Fo
Mechanical
tuner used to
tune Fo
External sources
can be used to
tune 3Fo
Any Agilent PNA-X
2-port with option 224 (two sources)
Any 4-port configuration
34
Q&A
35
X-Parameters with Load Pull
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Prior Art
Separate Disciplines
• Load Pull
– Determine Match for a Single Device (basic amplifier
design)
– Verify Large Signal Models (model validation tool)
• X-Parameters at 50 Ohms
– Excellent data for 50 ohm matched devices, even in nonlinear region
– What about non-50 ohms?
37
Instant Large-Signal Model
Over the Entire Smith Chart!
New: Load-Dependent X-Parameters
(Co-Developed by Maury and Agilent)
Created Instantly from Load Pull Data
•
•
•
•
•
•
Maury Load Pull
Agilent NVNA
SW in PNA-X
Run Sweep Plan
Save X-Param File
Simulate in ADS
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STEP 1: Load Pull
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STEP 2: X-Parameter Model in ADS
X-Parameter Component
Vs_high
I_Probe
Is_high
DC_Feed
DC_Feed2
Vs_low
I_Probe
Is_low
V_DC
SRC1
Vdc=8 V
DC_Feed
DC_Feed1
DC_Block
DC_Block1
vsrc
P_1Tone
PORT1
Num=1
Z=Z_s
P=dbmtow(Pavs)
Freq=RFfreq
I_Probe
Isrc
V_DC
SRC2
Vdc=-1 V
I_Probe
Iload
vload
DC_Block
DC_Block2
WJ_FP2189_PHD
WJ_FP2189_PHD_1
fundamental_1=_freq1
S1P_Eqn
S1
S[1,1]=LoadTuner
Z[1]=Z0
Industry Breakthrough
40
Comparison of Measured and Simulated
Data
Pout
PAE
Blue – Simulated, Red - Measured
41
WJ FP2189 1W HFET
.2
.7
27 7.2
2
20
0.30
15
0.25
10
0.20
5
0.15
0
0.10
-5
SimulatedCurrent
MeasuredCurrent
28
SimulatedVoltage
MeasuredVoltage
Measured and Simulated Voltage and Current Waveforms
0.05
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Measured and Simulated Dynamic Load Line
0.30
14
0.25
0.4
12
10
0.3
8
0.2
6
0.1
4
0.0
2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
time, nsec
0.8
1.0
SimulatedCurrent
MeasuredCurrent
Measured and Simulated Voltage and Current Waveforms
0.5
16
SimulatedCurrent
MeasuredCurrent
SimulatedVoltage
MeasuredVoltage
time, nsec
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
MeasuredVoltage
SimulatedVoltage
Agilent Restricted
42
August 21, 2009
2nd and 3rd virtual harmonic tuning
Load conditions
PAE vs. Available Input Power
70
gamma[3]
gamma[2]
gamma[1]
Measured_PAE
XParam_PAE
60
50
40
30
20
10
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Pin_avail
(0.000 to 0.000)
Dynamic Load Line
Voltage and Current Waveforms at output
2.0
70
60
1.5
1.5
Measured_Vout
XParam_Vout
50
1.0
0.5
40
1.0
30
0.5
20
10
0.0
Measured_Iout
XParam_Iout
Measured_Iout
XParam_Iout
2.0
0.0
0
-0.5
-10
0
10
20
30
40
XParam_Vout
Measured_Vout
50
60
70
-10
-0.5
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
time, nsec
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
43
2nd and 3rd virtual harmonic tuning
PAE vs. Available Input Power
Load conditions
70
gamma[3]
gamma[2]
gamma[1]
Measured_PAE
XParam_PAE
60
50
40
30
20
10
(0.000 to 0.000)
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Pin_avail
Dynamic Load Line
Voltage and Current Waveforms at output
2.0
70
60
1.5
Measured_Vout
XParam_Vout
1.5
1.0
0.5
50
1.0
40
30
0.5
20
0.0
Measured_Iout
XParam_Iout
Measured_Iout
XParam_Iout
2.0
0.0
10
-0.5
0
0
10
20
30
40
XParam_Vout
Measured_Vout
50
60
70
-0.5
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
time, nsec
44
When Are X-Parameters Useful?
X-Parameters are most useful for:
Advanced Amplifier Design – such as Doherty amplifiers, where multiple
amplifiers must be individually modeled and then designed into the same
simulation
System Engineering – X-Parameter models can be taken of amplifiers, mixers…
and modeling into an entire system to simulate overall system performance
45
Support Resources
5A-041
5C-083
Agilent Technologies
5990-4464EN
application note
46
Q&A
47
Ultra-Fast Ultra-Accurate Noise
Parameters
48
Noise Parameters – Why important?
DUT
Requirements High Gain, Low Noise,
Broadband frequency range
• Matching networks –
– optimize source impedance
– Minimize device noise and maximize gain
• Balance noise figure and source impedance
– Critical for LNA design
Review of Noise concepts
• Simple noise figure
– Noise generated by a device @ 50Ω
• Noise parameters
– Noise generated by a device
– @ any given source impedance (Γs)
– Goal - Optimum (Γs) for lowest Fmin
Review of Noise concepts
Review of Noise concepts
– Fmin - minimum noise figure
– Γopt - optimum reflection co-efficient (mag &
phase)
– Rn - equivalent series resistance
– Γs – source reflection co-efficient
Review of Noise concepts
•
•
•
•
4 unknowns
4 equations @ 4 known Γs
Solved
In Practice – Use Over-Determined Data
Background Info – Older Technologies
Separate Instruments
External Switches and cabling
PNA, 8720,
8753
346 NS
8767 switch
N8970 or
N8975
Electronic NP5 System
using NFA or SA
Mechanical Tuner System
using NFA or SA
54
MMC Measurement Methods
Traditional Method – Results @ 0.1GHz Step
MMC Measurement Methods
Traditional Method – Same Data @ 0.5GHz Step
MMC Measurement Methods
• Ultra fast noise method
– Characterize one set of impedance states
– Point selection – based on non uniform phase spacing
– Sweep frequency at each state
– Advantage – Speed and accuracy (multiple points)
– DUT with very high Γopt (mag)/ high Rn
Ultra-Fast Noise Parameter Solutions
*(patent pending)
58
MMC Measurement Methods
Fast Noise Method – 73 points
Speed Improvement
Older technologies took 30+ hours; PNA-X method took 8-30 minutes!
Speed improvement of over 100X
60
Accuracy Improvement
Scale = 0.2dB/DIV
Jitter = Uncertainty (Error)
Jitter of 0.4dB
If NF=0.4dB Æ Uncertainty = 100%
Same Scale = 0.2dB/DIV
Jitter of 0.01-0.04dB
Accuracy Improvement of 10X+
61
Measured Data
Scale = 0.2dB/DIV
NFmin ~ 0.4-0.6 dB!
(extremely low)
Jitter = <0.001 dB!!!
(extremely accurate)
Total time = 15 minutes!
(extremely fast)
8-50 GHz Measurements
(extremely broadband)
On-Wafer Measurements
(extremely difficult)
62
Support Resources
5A-042
5C-084
63
Support Resources
5990-4463EN
Application note
5C-085
64
Ultra-Fast Noise Parameter Solutions
*(patent pending)
AGILENT N5242A-029
0.8-18 GHz or 2-26 GHz
AGILENT N5245A-H29
2-50 GHz or 8-50 GHz
65
Q&A
66
Pulsed IV and Pulsed S-Parameters with
PNA-X and Maury/AMCAD Solution
67
Background Info – IV Curves
- Represents transistor
response to specific bias
- Used to determine biasing
conditions for specific
classes of amplifier
operation
- Measure drain current as a
function of drain voltage for
various gate voltages
68
Background Info – S-Parameters
- Describe the electrical behavior of linear electrical networks when
undergoing various steady state stimuli by electrical signals
- S11 = energy reflected to port 1 from port 1 (return loss)
- S21 = energy transmitted to port 2 from port 2 (gain)
- S12 energy transmitted to port 1 from port 2
- S22 = energy reflected to port 2 from port 2
69
Background Info – Self-Heating and Trapping
DC bias Æ device heats Æ
current drops (red)
Pulsed bias Æ device does not
heat Æ current is stable (green)
Gate-lag: decrease of drain current
Gate quiescent (starting)
voltage affects curves
Drain quiescent
(starting) voltage affects
curves
Drain-lag: increase of Vknee
Gate-lag
Drain-lag
Green (Vgs0=0V,Vds0=0V)
Red (Vgs0=-3V, Vds0=0V)
Red (Vgs0=-4 V, Vds0=0V)
Green (Vgs0=-3V, Vds0=30V)
70
Pulsed IV and Pulsed S-Parameters
Any N524x Agilent PNA-X
2-port with options: 21, 22, 25, 80, 200, 219, 224
4-port with options: 21, 22, 25, 80, 400, 419
71
Measured Data – Pulsed IV & S-Parameters
Pulsed IV Curves
Pulsed S-Parameters
72
Measured Data - Modeling
Linear Model
Non-Linear Model
73
Support Resource
Agilent 5990-7744EN
application note
74
Q&A
75
New IVCAD Software
76
Visualization
77
Pulsed IV and Pulsed S-Parameters
78
Pulsed IV and Pulsed S-Parameters
79
Modeling
Linear Model
Non-Linear Model
80
Modeling
81
Vector-Receiver Load Pull
82
Vector-Receiver Load Pull
83
Vector-Receiver Load Pull
84
Vector-Receiver Load Pull
85
60 Second Summary
You have load pull needs – we have you covered! Maury Microwave
Corporation, Agilent Technologies’ only ‘Global Solutions Partner’ in
the realm of non-50Ω impedance control, has the most complete
selection of load pull solutions. Based on Agilent’s PNA-X and
Maury’s IVCAD measurement and modeling device characterization
software, Maury offers nonlinear characterization solutions such as
passive, active and hybrid-active fundamental and harmonic vectorreceiver load pull, non-50Ω X-Parameter modeling, pulsed IV/sparameters and equivalent circuit modeling, and patent-pending ultrafast/accurate noise parameters. Maury Microwave, your complete
measurement and modeling solutions partner!
86
When You Need a Demo
Americas
EMEA
Steve Dorn
Manager, Device Characterization
Sales & Support - Americas
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 909-912-2543
SKYPE (search) steve_dorn
Steve Dudkiewicz
Director, Business Development
[email protected]
Mobile: +1 (647) 896-3418
Asia
David X. Li, Ph.D.
Director, Marketing and Sales - Asia
[email protected]
909-204-3346 (voice mail, US)
909-912-9544 (Domestic only, US)
+86-159-6985-9799 (China)
+886-933-640-094 (Taiwan, HK)
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