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Glossary This category of vocabulary will make up approximately 20% of the test. Assessment in this domain focuses on using the correct conventions of Standard American English, including grammar, punctuation, and sentence construction, and demonstrating understanding of the different formats required for different forms of writing. The following is a list of carefully matched vocabulary terms for this section of the test/ exam. Antonym This is a word or phrase that means the opposite of another word or phrase. Apostrophe This is used to show the possessive form of a noun and is used to show that a letter or letters have been left out of a contraction. Appositive This is a word or phrase that identifies or explains the noun that it follows. Capitalization This is the use of letters to indicate proper nouns, or it is used at the beginning of a sentence. Clause This is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate. It can be dependent or independent. Colon This is a punctuation mark used before a list of items or details, before a statement that summarizes the original statement, before a long, formal quotation or statement, or in a business letter after the salutation. Comma This is a punctuation mark that may be used to indicate a pause, connection, separation, list or for clarity or to show importance. Comma Splice This results when two or more independent clauses are joined by a comma without a coordinating conjunction. Conjunctive Adverb This may be used with a semicolon to connect independent clauses and usually serves as a transition between the clauses. Contraction This is a word formed by combining two words and adding an apostrophe where the letters are omitted. Conventions In writing, this is the trait to measure standard writing and the editing processes of spelling, punctuation, grammar, capitalization, and paraphrasing. Ellipsis Mark This, three spaced periods, is used to indicate that a word or words have been deleted from a direct quote. Gender Traditionally, this has been used primarily to refer to the grammatical categories of ‘masculine,’ ‘feminine,’ and ‘neuter.’ Gerund This is a verb form ending in -ing that functions as a noun. Grammar This is the structure of language and the rules that go with it. Hyphen This is a punctuation mark used to divide or to compound words or elements. Indefinite Pronoun This takes the place of a noun and refers to nonspecific persons or things. Independent Clause This is a group of words that states the main thought of a sentence and is complete within itself. Infinitive This is always in the form of ’to’ + a verb-like word. This verbal unit in a sentence actually acts as a noun, adjective, or adverb, rather than a verb. Object This is never the subject, but always a noun, in a sentence it can be either direct or indirect. Paragraph This is a section in a piece of writing that discusses a particular point or topic. It always begins with a new line, usually with indentation. Phrase This is a group of words used as a single part of speech without a subject and verb. Plural This indicates more than one person, place, thing, or idea. Possessive Pronoun This is a word that takes the place of noun and shows ownership. Pronoun This is a word that takes the place of a noun. Punctuation This is the system of standardized marks in written language to clarify meaning. Quotation Marks These are used to enclose direct quotations and to designate titles of short works (like newspaper and magazine articles, poems, short stories, songs, episodes of television and radio programs, and subdivisions of books or web sites). Run-on Sentence This results when independent clauses have not been joined correctly. Semicolon This is a punctuation mark that is used between clauses of a compound sentence when a conjunction is not used, before conjunctive adverbs that join independent clauses, and in a series when the series already contains commas. Sentence Fragment This is a group of words that does not have both a subject and a verb and cannot stand alone. It may be punctuated and capitalized as a sentence, but it does not constitute a complete sentence Simple Sentence This is an independent clause with no subordinate clauses. Subject Verb Agreement This is a rule that both the subject and verb must be the same in number. Subordinate Clause This is also known as a dependent clause. While it may contain a subject and verb and sometimes objects or complements, it cannot stand alone as it conveys an incomplete thought. It usually functions as an adjective, adverb or noun within a complete sentence. Synonym This is a word or phrase that has the same or almost the same meaning as another word or phrase. Syntax This refers to the ordering of elements in a sentence. Tense Shift This is when a passage begins as happening in one particular time and then goes to another time without warning and for no reason. Verb This is a word that denotes action, occurrence or existence. Verb Tense This indicates the time of the action or state of being. Word Choice This is another way of saying ’diction.’ This can help reveal a) the tone of the work, b) connotations of meaning, and/or c) his style of writing.