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ISLAM SPREADS FROM MEDINA
TO THE REST OF ARABIA
• Muhammad’s house became the first
mosque, or building for Muslim prayer.
• Muslim communities in Medina grew
stronger, and other Arab tribes accepted
Islam.
• Mecca finally accepted Islam as its
religion in 630.
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THE SPREAD OF ISLAM
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Islamic Beliefs and
Practices
The Big Idea
Sacred texts called the Qur’an and the Sunnah guide Muslims
in their religion, daily life, and laws.
Main Ideas
• The Qur’an guides Muslims’ lives.
• The Sunnah tells Muslims of important duties expected of
them.
• Islamic law is based on the Qur’an and the Sunnah.
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THE QUR’AN
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MAIN IDEA 2:
THE SUNNAH TELLS MUSLIMS OF
IMPORTANT DUTIES EXPECTED OF THEM.
The hadith is the written record of
Muhammad’s words and actions. It is the
basis for the Sunnah.
The Sunnah provides a model for the duties
and way of life expected of Muslims.
The first duties of a Muslim are known as
the Five Pillars of Islam, which are five acts
of worship required of all Muslims.
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MAIN IDEA 3:
ISLAMIC LAW IS BASED ON THE QUR’AN AND THE
SUNNAH.
The Qur’an and
the Sunnah
form the basis
of Islamic law,
or Shariah.
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Shariah is a
system based on
Islamic sources
and human
reason that
judges the
rightness of
actions taken.
Islamic Empires
The Big Idea
After the early spread of Islam, three large Islamic empires
formed–the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal.
Main Ideas
• Muslim armies conquered many lands into which Islam
slowly spread.
• Trade helped Islam spread into new areas.
• Three Muslim empires controlled much of Europe, Asia,
and Africa from the 1400s to the 1800s.
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MAIN IDEA 1:
MUSLIM ARMIES CONQUERED MANY LANDS
INTO WHICH ISLAM SLOWLY SPREAD.
After Muhammad’s death, Abu Bakr became
the first caliph, the title that Muslims use
for the highest leader of Islam.
Caliphs were not religious leaders, but
political and military leaders.
Abu Bakr directed a series of battles against
Arab tribes who did not follow Muhammad’s
teachings.
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GROWTH OF THE EMPIRE
 Muslim armies battled
tribes that did not follow
Muhammad’s teachings.
 The Muslim armies
united Arabia, then
defeated the Persian
and Byzantine empires.
 Conquered people could
not build new churches
or dress like Muslims.
 Christians and Jews
could continue to
practice their own
religion.
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 After years of fighting
Muslim armies, many
Berbers, a native people
of North Africa,
converted to Islam and
joined forces with the
Arabs.
 A combined Berber and
Arab army invaded Spain
and conquered it in AD
711 .
MAIN IDEA 2:
TRADE HELPED ISLAM
SPREAD INTO NEW AREAS.
 Along with their trade goods, Arab merchants took
Islamic beliefs to new lands.
 Islam spread to India, Africa, and Southeast Asia.
 Trade brought new products to Muslim lands.
 Travelers learned how to make paper from the
Chinese.
 Merchants brought crops of cotton, rice, and
oranges from India, China, and Southeast Asia.
 Muslim merchants set up trade businesses in
Africa.
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A MIX OF CULTURES
 As Islam spread
through trade,
warfare, and treaties,
Arabs came into
contact with people
who had different
beliefs and lifestyles.
 Language and religion
helped unify many
groups that became
part of the Islamic
world.
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Muslims generally
practiced
tolerance, or
acceptance, with
regard to these
people.
Jews and
Christians, in
particular, could
keep their beliefs.
GROWTH OF CITIES
Baghdad
 Capital of Islamic
Empire
 One of the
world’s richest
cities through
trade and
farming.
 Center of culture
and learning
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Cordoba
By the AD 900s,
was the largest
and most
advanced city in
Europe
Showplace of
Muslim civilization
SUNNI AND SHIA
Sunni
Shia
 Did not think that
caliphs had to be
related to Muhammad
 Had to be good Muslims
and strong leaders
 Only Muslims who
were members of
Muhammad’s family
could be caliphs
Eventually, religious differences developed
between them.
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MAIN IDEA 3:
THREE MUSLIM EMPIRES CONTROLLED MUCH OF
EUROPE, ASIA , AND AFRICA FROM THE 1400S TO
THE 1800S.
The great era of Arab Muslim
expansion lasted until the 1100s.
Three non-Arab Muslim groups
built large, powerful empires that
took control of much of Europe,
Asia, and Africa.
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OTTOMAN EMPIRE
 Ottomans were Muslim
Turkish warriors who
took territory in the mid1200s.
 The Ottomans were
aided by slave soldiers
called Janissaries.
 They had new
gunpowder weapons.
 Mehmed II and
Suleyman I led
conquests that turned
the Ottomans into a
world power.
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 During Suleyman’s
rule, the Ottoman
Empire reached its
height.
 Ottomans took
control of the
eastern
Mediterranean and
pushed farther into
Europe from 1520–
1566.
 They would control
these areas until the
early 1800s.
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
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THE SAFAVID EMPIRE BEGINS
Safavids were Persian Muslims.
A conflict arose over who should be caliph
among the Safavids, Ottomans, and other
Muslims.
Islam split into two groups.
 The Shia thought that only members of
Muhammad’s family could become caliphs.
 The Sunni thought it did not matter as long
as they were good Muslims and strong
leaders.
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THE SAFAVID EMPIRE
 The Safavid Empire began in 1501 when the
Safavid leader Esma‘il conquered Persia and made
himself shah, or king.
 He made Shiism, the beliefs of the Shia, the
official religion of the empire.
 ‘Abbas became shah in 1588. He became the
greatest Safavid leader.
 He defeated the Uzbeks and took back lands that had been
lost to the Ottomans.
 The Safavids blended Persian and Muslim
traditions.
 The Safavid Empire lasted until the mid -1700s.
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THE SAFAVID EMPIRE
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THE MUGHAL EMPIRE
The Mughal Empire was located in northern
India and was comprised of Turkish Muslims
from Central Asia.
Babur established the Mughal Empire, but it
grew mostly under an emperor named
Akbar.
Akbar’s tolerant policies allowed Muslims
and Hindus to live in peace.
In the late 1600s, an emperor reversed the
tolerant policies, which led to conflicts and
the end of the empire.
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THE MUGHAL EMPIRE
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Cultural Achievements
The Big Idea
Muslim scholars and artists made important
contributions to science, art, and literature.
Main Ideas
• Muslim scholars made lasting contributions to
the fields of science and philosophy.
• In literature and the arts, Muslim achievements
included beautiful poetry, memorable short
stories, and splendid architecture.
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MAIN IDEA 1:
MUSLIM SCHOLARS MADE LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS
TO THE FIELDS OF SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY.
 Muslim scholars made advances in astronomy, geography,
math, and science.
 Many ancient writings were translated into Arabic.
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CULTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS
 Geography
 Geographers made more accurate maps than before and
developed better ways of calculating distances.
 Math
 They combined the Indian number system, including the
use of zero, with the Greek science of mathematics.
 One mathematician laid the foundations for modern
algebra.
 Astronomy
 They made improvements to the astrolabe, which the
Greeks had invented to chart the positions of the stars.
 Many cities had observatories where people could study
the sun, moon, and stars.
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MORE SCHOLARLY ADVANCES
 Medicine
 The Muslims’ greatest scientific achievements may have
come in medicine.
 Muslims started the first pharmacy school to teach people
how to make medicine.
 A doctor discovered how to treat smallpox.
 Another doctor, known in the west as Avicenna, wrote a
medical encyclopedia.
 Philosophy
 Muslim philosophy focused on spiritual issues, which led to
a movement called Sufism, and on rational thought.
 Sufism teaches that people can find God’s love by having a
personal relationship with God.
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M A I N I DE A 2 :
I N LI T E RATURE A N D T H E A RT S, M USLI M AC H I E VEME NT S
I N C LUDE D BE AUTI FUL P OE T RY, M E M ORABLE SH ORT STORI E S, A N D
SP LE N DI D A RC H I T ECTURE.
 Literature
 Two forms of literature were popular in the
Muslim world—poetry and short stories.
 Architecture
 The greatest architectural achievements were
mosques. They often had a dome and minarets—
narrow towers from which Muslims are called to
prayer.
 Patrons, or sponsors, used their wealth to pay for
elaborately decorated mosques.
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MORE ISLAMIC INFLUENCES
Art
 Because they could not represent people or animals in
paintings due to their religion, Muslim artists turned
calligraphy, or decorative writing, into an art form.
 They used this technique to decorate buildings and
mosques.
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MUSLIM ACHIEVEMENTS
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