Download Endocrine System - Napa Valley College

4/4/2017
Outline
The Endocrine System
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Function of Endocrine System
Hormones vs. Neurotransmitters
Types of Hormones and their actions
Endocrine glands/organs and hormones
Biol 105
Chapter 10
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Function of the Endocrine System
 The function of the endocrine system is to
work with the nervous system to regulate
and control other systems and to maintain
homeostasis.
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Function
of the Endocrine System
Endocrine
System
 The endocrine system functions by
releasing hormones which travel through
the body (usually via the bloodstream) to
target cells.
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Muscle
Connective
Epithelial tissue
Nervous
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1. Exocrine glands
2. Endocrine glands
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1. Exocrine glands
2. Endocrine glands
These glands do not have tubes or ducts, they
secrete hormones directly into blood stream.
En
These glands do not have tubes or ducts, they
secrete hormones directly into blood stream.
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Muscle
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Epithelial tissue
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1.
2.
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Glands are secretory cells or structures derived from which
type of tissue?
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type of tissue?
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Glands are secretory cells or structures derived from which
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Endocrine System Communication
What is a hormone?
 Hormones are chemical messengers that
are secreted by one cell, travel through the
body and affect only the target cells that
have the correct receptor.
Figure 10.1
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Target Cells
 Target cells have receptors that bind
the hormones (ex: Osteoclasts).
 Non-target cells do not have the proper
receptor and are unaffected by the
hormone (ex: Osteoblasts).
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Hormones vs. Neurotransmitters
Similarities:
 Endocrine and nervous systems work
together to maintain homeostasis.
 Both need to bind to a receptor to illicit
an effect.
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Hormones vs. Neurotransmitters Differences
Neurotransmitters
Where it’s located Localized to nerve Throughout body
synapse
in blood stream
How long it takes
to act.
Quick to act
Slow to act
How long it lasts.
Taken away
quickly
Remains longer in
body
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Types of Hormones
 There are two general types of
hormones:
1. Water Soluble (Hydrophilic)
2. Lipid Soluble (Hydrophobic)
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Hormones
Amino Acid Hormones
 A single amino acid – ex: epinephrine.
 Polypeptides (a chain of amino acids) –
ex: Anti-Diuretic Hormone
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Amino Acid
Are Amino Acids Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?
1. Hydrophilic
2. Hydrophobic
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Figure 2.22
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Are Amino Acids Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?
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2. No
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Can an amino acid freely cross the plasma membrane?
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2. Hydrophobic
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Can an amino acid freely cross the plasma membrane?
Water Soluble Hormones
 Amino acids and polypeptides are examples
of water soluble hormones.
1. Yes
2. No
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 Example: Epinephrine
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 The adrenal gland releases epinephrine into
the blood stream, travels throughout the body.
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Water Soluble Hormones
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Water Soluble Hormones
 Water soluble hormones bind to a receptor on
the surface of the target cells (ex: muscle
cells).
 The secondary messenger triggers a cascade
of events ending in cellular activity (ex: the
breakdown of glycogen to glucose).
 The binding of the hormone epinephrine to the
receptor triggers the formation of a secondary
messenger (ex: cyclic AMP(cAMP)).
 Note: this type of hormone does not cross the
plasma membrane and enter the cell.
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 The receptor is on the plasma membrane.
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Water Soluble Hormones - cAMP Mediation
Steroid Hormones
1. Steroid hormones have a structure similar
to cholesterol.
Examples: estrogen, testosterone.
Steroids are…
Sugars
Proteins
Lipids
Complex
Carbohydrates
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Steroid Structure
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Figure 10.4
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Steroids are…
1. Hydrophilic
2. Hydrophobic
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Are Steroids Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?
Can steroids freely cross the plasma membrane?
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1. Yes
2. No
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Sugars
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Are Steroids Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?
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Lipid Soluble Hormones - Steroids
Can steroids freely cross the plasma membrane?
1. Yes
2. No
 Steroids are examples of lipid soluble
hormones
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 Example: Estrogen
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 The ovaries produce estrogen.
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1. Translation
2. Transcription
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1. Translation
2. Transcription
When DNA is copied to make mRNA this is:
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When DNA is copied to make mRNA this is:
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What is the product of translation?
A
What is the product of translation?
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Lipid Soluble Hormones - Steroids
Lipid Soluble Hormones - Steroids
 Lipid soluble hormones enter the target cells,
they can freely pass through the plasma
membrane.
 The hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA
in the nucleus and activates the transcription
of DNA to make mRNA.
 Inside the cell, the hormone binds with a
receptor (in the cytoplasm or nucleoplasm)
 The mRNA leaves the nucleus, binds to a
ribosome and is translated to make proteins.
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Lipid-soluble Hormones
Water Soluble vs. Lipid Soluble Hormones
Extracellular fluid
Steroid hormone
Step 1: The
steroid hormone
diffuses through
the plasma
membrane of
the target cell.
 Note that the lipid soluble hormones will take
longer to act than the water soluble hormones
since they activate DNA transcription and
translation to make a protein.
Plasma membrane
of target cell
(lipid bilayer)
Step 7: Enzymes
alter the activity
of the cell.
Step 2: The
steroid hormone
binds to a receptor
in the cytoplasm.
Cytoplasm
Receptor
Nuclear
pore
Nuclear
envelope
 Also remember that water soluble hormones do
not enter the target cell, they work through
secondary messengers, whereas lipid soluble
hormones enter the cell.
Step 6: Proteins,
including enzymes,
are synthesized.
Step 5: Certain
genes are activated.
Step 3: The hormonereceptor complex
enters the nucleus.
Step 4: The hormonereceptor complex
binds to DNA.
Nucleus
Figure 10.3
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Endocrine Glands and Organs that Secrete
Hormones
 Pituitary
 Thyroid
 Parathyroid
 Adrenals
 Pineal
 Hypothalamus
 Thymus
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Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
 Heart
 Placenta
 Stomach
 Intestines
 Kidneys
Endocrine System
Pineal gland
Thymus gland
Adrenal gland (one on each kidney)
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
Parathyroid glands (two of four)
Heart
Kidney
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Figure 10.2 (1 of 2)
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Endocrine System
Thyroid gland
Stomach
Pancreas
Small intestine
Testis (one of a pair)
Uterus
Ovary (one of a pair)
Figure 10.2 (2 of 2)
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Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
 Hypothalamus — regulates the internal
environment through the autonomic
nervous system.

 Helps control heartbeat.
 Helps control body temperature.
 Helps control water balance.
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
Hypothalamus – Secretes its own
hormones and controls glandular
secretions of the pituitary gland.
Produces:
1.
2.
3.
4.
14-6
antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Oxytocin.
hypothalamic-releasing hormones.
hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones.
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Pituitary Gland – Anterior and Posterior
Hypothalamus
Nerve cells in the
hypothalamus produce
antidiuretic hormone
(ADH) and oxytocin (OT).
ADH and OT travel to
the ends of the cells in
the posterior pituitary,
where they are released
into the bloodstream to
influence target tissues.
Nerve cells in the
hypothalamus secrete
releasing hormones
and inhibiting
hormones.
Posterior
pituitary
Releasing and inhibiting
hormones travel by way
of the bloodstream to
the anterior pituitary
and cause it to modify
secretion of its six
hormones (FSH, LH, GH,
PRL, ACTH, and TSH).
Anterior
pituitary
Antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)
Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH) and
Luteinizing hormone
(LH)
Growth
hormone (GH)
Oxytocin (OT)
Ovaries, testes
Prolactin (PRL)
Kidney tubules
Thyroidstimulating
hormone (TSH)
Smooth muscle
in uterus
Mammary
glands
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH)
Bones, muscles
Mammary
glands
Thyroid gland
Cortex of
adrenal gland
Figure 10.6
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1. More dilute
2. More concentrated
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1. More dilute
2. More concentrated
A Diuretic Will Make Your Urine:
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A Diuretic Will Make Your Urine:
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An Antidiuretic Will Make Your Urine:
1. More dilute
2. More concentrated
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1. More dilute
2. More concentrated
An Antidiuretic Will Make Your Urine:
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Hypothalamus – ADH and Oxytocin
Anti-Diuretic Hormone - ADH
 Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus
produce antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and
Oxytocin.
 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
 Function: regulates water reabsorption
in the kidneys (H2O is returned to the
bloodstream).
 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin are
“stored” in the posterior lobe of the pituitary
gland.
 Target: Kidneys
 Posterior pituitary gland releases these
hormones when needed.
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Disorders
Oxytocin
 Diabetes insipidus – Caused by a
defciency of ADH.
 Function: stimulates uterine contraction
during childbirth and milk release (ejecting
milk from the glands) also may play a role in
social bonds.
 Results in excessive urine production,
leading to dehydration.
 Target: Smooth muscle of the Uterus and
mammary glands.
 Treatment: administer synthetic ADH.
 Pitocin: Synthetic form of OT, given to induce
labor.
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Hypothalamic-Releasing and HypothalamicInhibiting Hormones
 The hypothalamus produces hypothalamicreleasing and hypothalamic-inhibiting
hormones.
14-7
Hypothalamic-Releasing Hormones
 The hypothalamic-releasing hormones
stimulate the Anterior Pituitary Gland to
release (secrete) its hormones.
 These hormones travel a short distance in the
blood stream to the Anterior Pituitary Gland.
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Pituitary Gland – Anterior
Hypothalamic-Inhibiting Hormones
 The hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones inhibit
the Anterior Pituitary Gland from releasing
(secreting) its hormones.
14-8
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
The anterior pituitary gland produces:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Gonadotropic hormones – (FSH and LH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth hormone (GH)
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Pituitary Gland – Anterior and Posterior
1.) Prolactin (PRL)
Hypothalamus
Nerve cells in the
hypothalamus produce
antidiuretic hormone
(ADH) and oxytocin (OT).
ADH and OT travel to
the ends of the cells in
the posterior pituitary,
where they are released
into the bloodstream to
influence target tissues.
Nerve cells in the
hypothalamus secrete
releasing hormones
and inhibiting
hormones.
Posterior
pituitary
Anterior
pituitary
 PRL is produced by the Anterior Pituitary.
 Target: Mammary glands.
Releasing and inhibiting
hormones travel by way
of the bloodstream to
the anterior pituitary
and cause it to modify
secretion of its six
hormones (FSH, LH, GH,
PRL, ACTH, and TSH).
Antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)
Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH) and
Luteinizing hormone
(LH)
 Function: causes mammary glands to
develop and produce milk.
Growth
hormone (GH)
Oxytocin (OT)
Ovaries, testes
Prolactin (PRL)
Kidney tubules
Thyroidstimulating
hormone (TSH)
Smooth muscle
in uterus
Mammary
glands
Bones, muscles
Mammary
glands
Thyroid gland
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH)
Cortex of
adrenal gland
Figure 10.6
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2.) Growth Hormone (GH)
Disorder - Gigantism
 Gigantism – Too much GH during
childhood can result in rapid growth and
attaining heights of 8 – 9 feet.
 GH is produced by the Anterior Pituitary.
 Target: Bones, muscles, and cartilage.
 Function: promotes skeletal and muscular
growth.
 Treatment – if caused by a pituitary tumor
then treatment is to remove or reduce the
tumor using surgery, radiation or
chemotherapy.
14-8
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Gigantism
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14-8
Disorder - Acromegaly
 Acromegaly – Too much GH in
adulthood can result in a thickening of
the bones of the extremities and face as
well as the tongue.
 Same treatment as gigantism.
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Figure 10.7
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Acromegaly
Disorder - Pituitary dwarfism
 Pituitary Dwarfism – Insufficient GH
production results in sterility and
attaining maximum height of about 4 ft.
 Treatment – Administer GH during
childhood.
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14-8
3.) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Pituitary Dwarfism
 TSH is produced by the Anterior Pituitary.
 Target: Thyroid gland.
 Function: stimulates the thyroid gland to
produce thyroxine.
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Figure 10.9
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Thyroid Gland Hormones
Thyroid Gland


Opening to
trachea
Thyroid gland - large gland located below
the larynx. Requires iodine to make
hormones.
Produces:
1. Thyroid Hormones (TH):
 Thyroxine (T4)
 Triiodothyronine (T3)
Larynx
Thyroid gland
2. Calcitonin.
Parathyroid
glands
Trachea
Back view
Front view
(a) The thyroid gland lies over the trachea, just below the larynx.
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Figure 10.11a
Thyroid Gland – Thyroid Hormones (TH)
14-13
Disorders – Simple Goiter
 Simple goiter:
 Results in an enlarged thyroid gland.
 May be caused by a diet deficient in
iodine, which is needed for the
production of TH .
 Thyroid Hormones - Regulate
metabolism by stimulating protein
synthesis, the breakdown of lipids, and
the use of glucose for the production of
ATP.
 Can be treated by iodine supplements
or administration of TH.
 Target: most cells in the body.
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14-13
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Disorders - Cretinism
 Cretinism:
 Caused by too little TH during fetal
development or infancy.
 Results in dwarfism and delayed mental and
sexual development.
 Treatment: Administer TH.
Disorders - Myxedema
 Myxedema.
 Caused by too little TH in adulthood.
 Results in a condition in which fluid
accumulates in facial tissues and a decrease
in alertness, body temperature, and heart
rate.
 Treatment: Administer TH.
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Disorders - Graves’ Disease
 Caused by an oversecretion of TH.
 Results from an autoimmune disorder
leading to the production of antibodies that
mimic the action of TSH.
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Disorders - Graves’ Disease
 Symptoms include:
 Increased metabolic rate and heart rate
accompanied by sweating, nervousness, and
weight loss.
 Many also have exopthalmos.
 Treatment: Administer drug that blocks the
synthesis of TH, thyroid gland may be
reduced by surgery or radioactive iodine.
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Exopthalmos
4.) AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone
(ACTH)
 ACTH is produced by the Anterior Pituitary.
 Target: Adrenal Cortex.
 Function: stimulates the adrenal cortex to
produce cortisol.
Figure 10.12c
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14-8
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Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal
gland
Adrenal cortex
• Mineralocorticoids
• Gonadocorticoids
• Glucocorticoids
Adrenal medulla
• Epinephrine
• Norepinephrine
(b) A section through the adrenal gland
reveals two regions, the outer
adrenal cortex and the inner adrenal
medulla. These regions secrete
different hormones.
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Figure 10.14a
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Figure 10.14b
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Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Cortex - Mineralocorticoids
 Mineralocorticoids – example:
aldosterone
 Two types of hormone secreted by adrenal
cortex:
1. Mineralocorticoids
2. Glucocorticoids
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 Effects: Mineral homeostasis and water
balance.
14-16
Adrenal Cortex - Mineralocorticoids
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14-16
Adrenal Cortex - Glucocorticoids
 Glucocorticoids – ex: cortisol.
Influences carbohydrate, protein, & fat
metabolism, suppress the immune
system.
 Effects of Aldosterone:
 Promotes renal re-absorption of Na+
and renal secretion of K+.
 Increases blood pressure.
 Target: Kidneys.
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14-16
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Adrenal Cortex - Glucocorticoids
Which of the following affects the adrenal cortex?
 Effects of Cortisol:
1.
2.
3.
4.
 Affect glucose homeostasis.
 Act on the liver to promote the conversion
of fat and protein into intermediate
substances available to the body’s cells.
ACTH
TSH
FSH
Nerves
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Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen
Triglycerides
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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ACTH
TSH
FSH
Nerves
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2.
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4.
The complex carbohydrate stored in humans is:
ch
Which of the following affects the adrenal cortex?
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St
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FS
A
C
TS
H
TH
 Inhibit the inflammatory response.
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Adipose tissue
Muscle
Liver
2 and 3
3
2
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Cortisol – a stress hormone
Where is glycogen stored in the body:
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen
Triglycerides
e
1.
2.
3.
4.
Where is glycogen stored in the body:
su
e
The complex carbohydrate stored in humans is:
Adipose tissue
Muscle
Liver
2 and 3
25% 25% 25% 25%
 The pituitary gland produces and releases
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone).
 ACTH travels to the adrenal gland where it
stimulates the adrenal cortex to release
glucocorticoids like cortisol.
3
an
d
2
ve
r
Li
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us
cl
M
A
di
po
se
tis
su
e
 Cortisol plays a role regulating how much free
glucose there is in the body.
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Cortisol
Side Effects of cortisol
 Cortisol prompts the muscles to breakdown
glycogen and release glucose.
 It also prompts the adipose tissue to
breakdown fat.
 It interferes with the functioning of the
hippocampus (remember this functions to
make long term memories).
 It weakens the immune system – inhibits
inflammatory response.
 So basically it tells the body to take
biomolecules out of storage so it can be used
for energy.
 Constricts arteries (increasing risk of heart
attacks).
 Interferes with insulin regulation of glucose
(leads to adult on-set diabetes).
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pituitary
pancreas
adrenal medulla
adrenal cortex
co
rt
ex
al
re
n
al
re
n
ad
ad
nc
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ad
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.
2.
3.
4.
co
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a
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pi
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25% 25% 25% 25%
pi
pituitary
pancreas
adrenal medulla
adrenal cortex
y
1.
2.
3.
4.
Which of the following glands secretes cortisol?
y
Which of the following glands secretes cortisol?
pa
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Disorders of the Adrenal Glands
Addison Disease
 Addison Disease - Hyposecretion of the
adrenal cortex. Not enough hormones are
secreted. Can not recover from stressful
situations, can lead to low blood pressure
and dehydration. Can be fatal if not treated.
 Two disorders:
 Addison disease
 Cushing’s syndrome
 Treatments: supplement with
glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
14-18
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Cushing’s Syndrome
5.) Gonadotropic Hormones
 Cushing’s Syndrome - Hypersecretion of the
adrenal cortex. Too much hormone is
secreted. Can result in diabetes, and
redistribution of fat and reduced muscle mass.
 Gonadotropic Hormones - stimulate the
gonads to produce gametes and
hormones.
 Treatments: if caused by a tumor, removal of
the tumor if possible with surgery. Can treat
with radiation and chemotherapy. Can be
treated with drugs to reduce the activity of the
adrenal cortex.
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14-18
 FSH
 LH
14-18
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14-8
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Gonads – Ovaries and Testes
Gonadotropic Hormones
 They are controlled by the hypothalamus and
the pituitary gland – see the Gonadotropic
Hormones.
 The two gonadotropic hormones are:
 Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) –
stimulates gamete development in males
and females.
 Testes produce testosterone.
 Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone.
 Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – stimulates the
production of estrogen and progesterone in
females, and testosterone in males.
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Gonads - Estrogen and Progesterone
Gonads - Testosterone
 Effects:
 Effects:
 During development, testosterone stimulates
growth of male reproductive organs.
 During development, stimulates growth of
female reproductive organs
 Responsible for male secondary sex
characteristics.
 Responsible for secondary sex
characteristics.
 Prompts larynx & vocal cords to enlarge.
 Necessary for egg maturation.
 Responsible for muscular strength of males.
 Regulates uterine cycle.
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14-23
14-23
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14-23
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in
H
ito
n
D
lc
A
yr
ox
i
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lin
in
ca
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25% 25% 25%
n
25%
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25%
25%
A
C
TH
H
D
yr
ox
i
C
A
25%
n
25%
A
insulin
thyroxin
ADH
ACTH
th
1.
2.
3.
4.
TH
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D
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i
25%
in
25%
n
25%
th
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25%
A
insulin
thyroxin
ADH
ACTH
What hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce
cortisol
su
lin
What hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce
cortisol
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
insulin
thyroxin
ADH
calcitonin
lc
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
in
H
D
A
yr
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i
th
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25% 25% 25%
n
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insulin
thyroxin
ADH
calcitonin
su
lin
1.
2.
3.
4.
Which of the following hormones stimulates water reabsorption by the
kidneys?
th
Which of the following hormones stimulates water reabsorption by the
kidneys?
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or
te
x
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25% 25% 25% 25%
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Anterior Pituitary
Posterior Pituitary
Hypothalamus
Adrenal Cortex
or
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x
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A
Anterior Pituitary
Posterior Pituitary
Hypothalamus
Adrenal Cortex
Which gland produces prolactin
Po
Which gland produces prolactin
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior Pituitary
Posterior Pituitary
Hypothalamus
Adrenal Cortex
nt
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1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
or
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x
25% 25% 25% 25%
Po
Anterior Pituitary
Posterior Pituitary
Hypothalamus
Adrenal Cortex
ry
1.
2.
3.
4.
Which gland produces oxytocin
st
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io
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Which gland produces oxytocin
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Thyroid Gland - Calcitonin
Parathyroid Glands
 Calcitonin - lowers blood calcium levels.
 Parathyroid glands - embedded in the lobes
of the thyroid gland.
 Target:
 Secretes: Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
 Bones – stimulates osteoblasts (type of
bone cells) to deposit calcium.
 Kidneys – stimulates kidneys to excrete
more calcium in the urine.
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14-13
Parathyroid Glands - Parathyroid Hormone
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
14-13
Parathyroid Glands - Parathyroid hormone
 Targets:
 Parathyroid hormone (PTH) – functions
to increase blood calcium levels.
 Bone: Stimulates the osteoclasts (type
of bone cell) to release calcium
 Kidneys: Stimulates the kidneys to
reabsorb calcium
 Intestine: Stimulates the intestine to
increase absorption of calcium.
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14-13
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14-13
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Regulation of Calcium Levels in Blood
Regulation of Calcium Levels in Blood
 Calcium levels in blood too low:
 PTH is released from parathyroid gland.
 Effects: PTH causes the…
 bone to release calcium.
 kidney to reabsorb calcium.
 intestine to absorb more calcium.
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Regulation of Calcium Levels in Blood
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.13 (2 of 2)
Regulation of Calcium Levels in Blood
 Calcium levels in blood too high:
 CT is released from Thyroid gland.
 Effects: CT cause the:
 bone to deposit calcium.
 kidney to excrete more calcium.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.13 (1 of 2)
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50%
50%
ai
se
s
R
R
Lo
w
er
ai
se
s
w
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Lo
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
ot
ha
l
d
ro
i
H
yp
33%
ra
th
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am
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2. Thyroid
3. Parathyroid
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2. Thyroid
3. Parathyroid
Calcitonin is produced by the
Th
Calcitonin is produced by the
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
50%
1. Lowers
2. Raises
s
50%
1. Lowers
2. Raises
Calcitonin lowers or raises the blood's calcium level?
s
Calcitonin lowers or raises the blood's calcium level?
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Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal
gland
Adrenal cortex
• Mineralocorticoids
• Gonadocorticoids
• Glucocorticoids
Adrenal medulla
• Epinephrine
• Norepinephrine
(b) A section through the adrenal gland
reveals two regions, the outer
adrenal cortex and the inner adrenal
medulla. These regions secrete
different hormones.
Figure 10.14a
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Adrenal Glands
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.14b
Control of the Adrenal Glands
 Adrenal glands—sit on top of the kidneys.
 The adrenal glands is controlled by both
nerves and hormones.
 There are two parts of the adrenal glands:
 Adrenal medulla: controlled by nerves from
the hypothalamus.
 Adrenal medulla
 Adrenal cortex
 Adrenal cortex: controlled by ACTH (a
hormone) secreted by the anterior pituitary
gland.
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14-16
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14-16
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Adrenal Medulla - Epinepherine
Pancreas
 Hormone secreted by adrenal medulla:
 Epinephrine - prepares the body for quick
action. “fight or flight” / short-term
response to stress.
Stomach
Common bile duct
(from gallbladder and liver)
 Effects: Increases blood pressure,
increases heart rate, increases blood
glucose levels.
Pancreas
Pancreatic
duct
Duodenum
(first part of
small intestine)
(a) Structure of the pancreas and associated ducts. Exocrine cells of the pancreas
secrete digestive enzymes into the pancreatic duct, which unites with the
common bile duct before entering the small intestine.
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Pancreas Gland Hormones

Hormones of the pancreas

Secreted from the pancreatic islets (Islets
of Langerhans)
Regulate blood glucose levels through
two hormones:

14-16
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Figure 10.17a
Pancreas Gland Hormones
1. glucagon
2. insulin
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Figure 10.17b
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Pancreas - Glucagon
Pancreas Gland Hormones
 Glucagon - raises blood glucose levels
of the blood.
 Target and effects:
 Liver – stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to
glucose, and to form glucose from lactic acid.
14-20
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Pancreas - Insulin
 Insulin - lowers glucose levels of the
blood.
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Figure 10.18 (2 of 2)
Insulin Target and Effects
 Stimulates transport of glucose into muscle
cells, white blood cells, and connective tissue
cells.
 Liver: Inhibits the breakdown of glycogen to
glucose.
 Prevents conversion of amino and fatty acids
into glucose.
 Adipose tissue: Stimulates formation of
triglycerides from glucose.
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Disorders - Diabetes Mellitus – Type 1 & 2
Pancreas Gland Hormones
 Diabetes mellitus - caused by the lack of
insulin or by the inability of cells to respond to
insulin as they should.
 Type 1 Diabetes – Autoimmune disorder
that causes the pancreas to not produce
enough insulin.
 Type 2 Diabetes - Inability of cells to
respond to insulin. (cells do not have
enough insulin receptors).
50%
pe
2
50%
Ty
pe
Ty
pe
Ty
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1. Type 1
2. Type 2
pe
50%
1
50%
2
1. Type 1
2. Type 2
What type of diabetes mellitus is caused by the
lack of insulin?
Ty
What type of diabetes mellitus is caused by the
lack of insulin?
14-22
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1
Figure 10.18 (1 of 2)
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w
er
Lo
s
s
s
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50%
ai
se
50%
1. Lowers
2. Raises
ai
se
s
w
er
Lo
50%
R
50%
1. Lowers
2. Raises
Glucagon _______ the blood glucose levels
R
Glucagon _______ the blood glucose levels
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Thymus Gland
 Thymus gland - lies behind the sternum.
 Secretes the hormones: Thymopoietin
which stimulates T-cell lymphocyte
production and Thymosin which
stimulates T-cell lymphocyte development
– important in immune system function.
 Target: Bone marrow and T-cells
 Large and most active in children.
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14-25
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Pineal Gland
Pineal Gland
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Cerebrum
 Located in the brain.
 Secretes the hormone: melatonin.
 Involved in our daily sleep-wake
cycle. (circadian rhythms)
 Regulates sexual development.
 May play a role SAD – Seasonal
Affect Disorder.
Skull
Pituitary gland
adrenal medulla
pancreas
thymus
ovaries
s
us
ar
ie
ov
ym
s
th
re
a
m
ed
al
nc
s
ar
ie
ad
ad
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25% 25% 25% 25%
ov
s
re
a
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th
nc
pa
m
ed
1.
2.
3.
4.
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us
25% 25% 25% 25%
re
n
adrenal medulla
pancreas
thymus
ovaries
ul
la
1.
2.
3.
4.
Which endocrine gland is the most involved in the
immune response?
ul
la
Which endocrine gland is the most involved in the
immune response?
Figure 10.19
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pa
14-25
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Kidneys
 The kidneys release the hormones:
 Erythropoietin – stimulates the bone
marrow to produce more red blood cells.
Adipose Tissue - Leptin
 Leptin is a hormone produced in adipose
tissue and effects the hypothalamus to tell
the person that they are full and don’t
need to eat anymore.
 Renin – through a series of reactions,
stimulates the adrenal cortex to release
aldosterone which increase blood
pressure.
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Homeostasis
Prostaglandins
 Prostaglandins – locally acting messengers.
 The nervous and endocrine systems exert
control over the other systems and thereby
maintain homeostasis.
 Both systems work closely together to
govern the internal organs.
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14-27
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Hormone
Where
Produced
Released Target
from
Hormone
ADH
Hypothalamus
Post. Pit.
Kidney
Oxytocin
Hypothalamus
Post. Pit
Uterus,
mammary glands
hypothala
micreleasing
hormones
Hypothalamus
HypoAnterior pituitary
thalamus
hypothala
micinhibiting
hormones
Hypothalamus
HypoAnterior pituitary
thalamus
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Hormone
Calcitonin
PTH
Cortisol
Insulin
Pancreas
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Released
from
Ant. Pit.
Ant. Pit.
Ant. Pit.
Ant. Pit.
Ant. Pit.
GH
Ant. Pituitary
Ant. Pit.
Thyroxine
Thyroid
Thyroid
TriThyroid
iodothyronine
Thyroid
Target
Thyroid
Adrenal Cortex
Ovaries, testes
Ovaries, testes
Mammary
glands
Bones, muscle,
cartilage
Throughout
body
Throughout
body
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Where
Released
Produced
from
Thyroid gland Thyroid
gland
Parathyroid
Parathyroid
gland
gland
Adrenal
Adr. Cortex
Cortex
Aldosterone Adr. Cortex
Epinepherine Adr. Medulla
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
Prolactin
Where
Produced
Ant. Pituitary
Ant. Pituitary
Ant. Pituitary
Ant. Pituitary
Ant. Pituitary
Target
Bones, kidneys
Bones, kidneys,
intestine
Muscle, adipose
tissue, immune
system
Adr. Cortex Kidney
Adr Medulla Throughout
body
Pancreas
Liver, muscle,
wbc, connective
tissue, adipose
Hormone
Glucagon
Where
Produced
Pancreas
Released
from
Pancreas
Target
Liver, muscle,
adipose
Testosterone
Testes (and
Testes (and Throughout
other tissues) other
body
tissues)
Estrogen
Ovaries
Ovaries
Throughout
body
Thymosin
Thymus
Thymus
T Cells
Thymopoietin Thymus
Thymus
T Cells
Melatonin
Pineal gland Pineal
Throughout
gland
body
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Hormone
Where
Produced
Erythropoietin Kidneys
Renin
Kidneys
Leptin
Adipose
Prostaglandins Throughout
body
Released
from
Kidneys
Kidneys
Adipose
Throughout
body
Target
Bone marrow
Adrenal cortex
Hypothalamus
Throughout
body
Important Concepts
 Read Chapter 11 for next lecture
 What is the function of the endocrine system
 What are similarities and differences between
neurotransmitters and hormones
 What are the two types of hormones; How do
the two types of hormones work, how do they
effect the target cells, know the differences
between the two types of hormones, and
examples of each type of hormone
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Important Concepts
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Important Concepts
 Where are all the hormones in this lecture
produced and released from, and what are the
functions of the hormones, and what is the target
of the hormones.
 How does the hypothalamus control the pituitary
gland.
 Know all the disorders discussed in the lecture,
what are the causes, effects of the disorder and
what are the treatments of the disorders.
 How are the adrenal glands controlled.
 Know the location and names of the endocrine
glands, be able to label a drawing with the glands
 What is the function of the hypothalamus
 What are the two parts of the adrenal glands,
and how is each part controlled, and which
hormones are released from which part.
 What are the side effects of cortisol.
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41
4/4/2017
Important Concepts
 How are calcium levels in the blood regulated,
what hormones and glands regulate it.
 How are blood glucose levels regulated, what
hormones and glands regulate it, know the
causes of the two types of diabetes
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Definitions
 Endocrine glands, Hormones, receptor, target
cells, non-target cells, exopthalmos,
pancreatic islets, negative feedback, water
soluble, hydrophilic, lipid soluble,
hydrophobic, secondary messenger,
transcription, translation, produce, release,
dilute, concentrated, extremities, deficient,
sufficient, synthesis, reabsorption, inhibit,
stimulate, extremities, prostaglandins,
pancreatic islets, Islets of Langerhans
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42