Download Nouns

© 2012 R.C.Siczek
P ronoun
A djective
V erb
P reposition
A dverb
N oun
I nterjection
C onjunction
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© 2012 R.C.Siczek
What Is a Pronoun?
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun.
You use them all the time…he, she, it, they, you, someone, who, her, him, yours,
himself….the list goes on.
 Pronouns can do all the things that a noun can do.
 it can be modified by an adjective, and
 it can perform any of the noun jobs in a sentence—subject, direct




object, indirect object, and object of the preposition.
Pronouns can make your writing flow more smoothly, and make it less
choppy.
The test for a pronoun is to replace it with a noun or (sometimes) to try
adding the articles "a" or "the" before it.
There are different types of pronouns: personal, possessive demonstrative,
indefinite, relative, intensive, and interrogative.
Pronouns can be confusing if the antecedent is not clear. A pronoun's
antecedent is the noun or noun phrase it refers to.
A pronoun's antecedent is the noun or noun phrase it is replacing or refers to.
Examples always help make things clear, right?
Janie gave her sweater to Elizabeth. Jane is the antecedent for the pronoun
her.
Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. He is also credited with other
inventions. Thomas Edison is the antecedent for the pronoun he.
Janie gave Mary her sweater. Yikes—antecedent confusion!
Is Janie giving Mary Janie’s sweater or Mary her own sweater? Is it hard
to tell. That’s why it is important that it is clear which noun is the
pronoun’s antecedent.
Not all pronouns have antecedents. Sometimes we don’t know whom exactly
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we are talking about. For example: Someone took my pen!
© 2012 R.C.Siczek
Personal Pronouns
 These are the pronouns we use most, and stand in for a specific
noun or noun phrase.
 They tell number (singular or plural) and gender (masculine,
feminine, or neuter).
Singular
Plural
First Person: the person or people
speaking or writing
I
me
we
us
Second Person: the person or people
being spoken or written to
you
you
Third Person: the person, people, or
things being spoken or written about
she, her
he, him , it
they
them
Possessive Pronouns
Show ownership and can sometimes be adjectives. For example:
Our family went on vacation. (Our = adjective telling whose family)
That bike is mine. (mine = pronoun standing in for the noun bike.)
Singular
Plural
First Person
mine
ours
Second Person
yours
yours
hers, his, its
theirs
Third Person
Demonstrative Pronouns

The four demonstrative pronouns that point out a specific noun.
this


that
these
those
Show closeness (this and these are closer than that and those)
Can act like nouns or adjectives, take a look:
This movie stinks. This acts as a adjective telling which movie.
This stinks. This is now standing in as the subject and working as a noun.
© 2012 R.C.Siczek
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Indefinite Pronouns



Takes the place of a noun that can't be named specifically.
Includes the –one, -body, and –thing pronouns
anyone
anybody
anything
someone
somebody
something
everyone
everybody
everything
no one
nobody
nothing
Includes number and amount words, such as:
another
enough
many
each
either
both
none
little
much
most
And the cardinal and ordinal numbers such as one, first, two, second,
ten, tenth, and so on.
 Can have possessive case.
 Some are singular, some are plural, and some could be either. If it ends
in –one, -body, or –thing, it is always singular.

Interrogative Pronouns
Used to ask a question, and most always begin an interrogative sentence.
who
whom
whose
which
what
Remember, who, whose, whom, and which are interrogative when they are
used to ask a question and relative when they are used to join clauses.
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© 2012 R.C.Siczek
Relative Pronouns
These pronouns join clauses and sometimes can be confused with
conjunctions, but remember they are pronouns!
who (use for people as the subject)
The boy who is playing center is new to the team.
whose (use for people as possessive)
A girl whose name I cannot recall will be babysitting.
whom (use for people as an object)
The teacher whom I am meeting is late.
which (use for a nonrestrictive clause, and set off with commas)
The clinics, which are held on Fridays, are free of charge.
that (use for a restrictive clause and not set off with commas—
sometimes that is left out, but it is still understood )
Lions that don’t have access to wild game may attack people.
Reflexive & Intensive Pronouns
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
Same words, but different names depending on how they are being used.
A reflexive pronoun are objects used to refer to the subject of the sentence.
direct object
The man kicked himself.
indirect object
She made herself lunch.
An intensive pronoun is used to emphasize another noun.
He himself visited the school.
We sat next to the president herself.
Since an intensive pronoun is used for emphasis, it is not necessary to the
sentence. It gives no new information. You could remove an intensive
pronoun from a sentence, and the sentence would still make sense.
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© 2012 R.C.Siczek
© 2012 R.C.Siczek
What are the adjective questions?
An adjective describes a noun or pronoun.
An adjective answers at least one of these adjective questions.
1. Which one? (green, tall, the, that)
2. What kind? (hairy, metal, special)
3. How many? (twelve, several, few)
4. Whose? (Grace's, hers, its, Mitchell's)
Where do you find adjectives?
An adjective is most often found just before the noun or pronoun it is
modifying—like the examples on the next page.
Sometimes an adjective will come after a verb. When? When the verb
is a linking verb. In this case, the adjective is called a predicate
adjective and tells more about the subject of the sentence.
The dog is cute.
Those cookies smell delicious.
Janie looks pretty.
Markus was exhausted.
Can other parts of speech act like adjectives? Yes.
Other parts of speech can some times function as an adjective. This is
where is gets tricky. You have to ask yourself what the word is doing in
the sentence.
Pronouns can function as adjectives—the most common are:
 demonstrative—this, that, these, those
 interrogative—which, whose, what
 indefinite—another, any, both, neither, many, neither, one, other, some
This pie is good.
These apples taste delicious.
© 2012 R.C.Siczek
Which desk is mine?
Whose pencil is this?
Any paper will due.
Many fish migrate.
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Nouns can be adjectives—you will commonly see. . .
 possessive nouns working as adjectives
Joe’s hat; teacher’s desk; cat’s food
 nouns working like adjectives by describing other nouns
The paper airplane crashed into the window.
In this sentence, paper isn’t functioning as a noun. It is
answering the question “what kind” of airplane.
The soccer ball hit the crossbar.
In this sentence, soccer isn’t functioning as a noun. It is
answering the question “what kind” of ball.
Remember gerunds? Nouns that are formed by putting an –ing
on a verb. You can do the same thing with adjectives, but they
are called participles. Here are a few examples:
running shoes
barking dog
swimming pool
crying baby
More adjective terminology:
 attributive: an adjective or noun placed before or right after its





noun
comparative: showing whether one thing, idea, or quality is
greater or lesser than another
demonstrative: pointing out or showing something specific
indefinite: pronouns substituted for something of unknown
quantity or quality
possessive: a noun, pronoun, or adjective form that shows
ownership or possession
superlative: showing a comparison in extreme form—the
superlative of an adjective shows that a quality is the greatest or
least of all—used with three or more things being compared
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© 2012 R.C.Siczek
© 2012 R.C.Siczek
Verbs
A verb is a word that says something about its subject or makes an
assertion about its subject.
Sometimes the asserting words work solo, as in Chloe runs.
Other times the asserting words link the subject to other words that rename
or describe the subject: The runner appears tired. OR Jane is a good
student. OR The soup smelled awful.
Verbs can express a complete thought in just one word. − Run! − Wait! − Go!
Verbs tell what the subject does or is (action verbs or linking verbs).
Verbs tell when that action happens (helping verbs: principal parts, tenses).
Verbs voice if the action is performed by the subject or is performed upon
the subject (active voice or passive voice).
Verbs show to whom the action is performed upon (transitive verbs/direct
objects).
Verbs are “above” grammar rules. They do not always have to follow the
rules and patterns—they get to make up their own (irregular verbs).
The verb is the word that usually will change form if you change the time of
the sentence, that is past, present or future.
Present Tense
Past Tense
Future Tense
Plural
Plural a fact…what
Singular the subject
Plural is.
TheSingular
verb to be does
not showSingular
action. It expresses
I am
we are
I was
we were
I will be
we will be
you are
you are
you were
you were
you will be
you will be
he/she/it is
they are
he/she/it was they were
he/she/it will
be
they will be
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© 2012 R.C.Siczek
Linking Verbs
A linking verb links, or joins, the subject of a sentence with a word or words in the
predicate.
 The tile floor feels cold.
 Tommy is the winner.
 Lisa appeared shocked when they called her name.
 A linking verb never shows action.
 A linking verb always links the subject with something—either a noun or
pronoun (called a predicate nominative) or an adjective (called a predicate adjective).
Commonly Used Linking Verbs
to feel
to appear
to become
to look
to stay
to smell
to taste
to sound
to prove
to remain
to seem
to turn
you are
you are
you were
you were
you will be
you will be
to be (is, am, was , were, being, been, be)
Predicate noun—word following the
linking verb that is in the predicate and is
a noun or pronoun that renames the
subject.
Predicate adjective—the word
following the linking verb that is in
the predicate and is an adjective that
describes the subject.
That dog is a Boxer. Jamie became
an artist.
That dog is cute. The basement
smelled musty.
ACTION OR LINKING?
The same verb can be an action verb or a linking verb.
You have to read the sentence and determine how the verb is being used.
Just taste this homemade fudge. (Someone is engaging in the act of tasting;
therefore, taste is an action verb in this sentence.)
The fudge tastes delicious. (Tastes links the subject fudge to the predicate
adjective delicious; therefore, tastes is a linking verb in this sentence.
HINT! If you are having trouble, try this trick . . . insert a form of “to be” (is, am, are,
was, were) for the verb. If the sentence meaning is not changed, the verb usually is
linking.
Kelly tasted the soup.
Replace the verb tasted with is. You know that a person isn’t soup, so tasted is an
action verb in this sentence.
© 2012 R.C.Siczek
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Verb Phase = Helping Verb + Main Verb
 Verbs work in teams doing specific jobs and making a sentence clear.
 Helping verbs appear with the main verb that expresses action to
show when that action takes place.
 Words (adverbs, to be exact) such as not, never, always are not
considered to be in the verb phrase.
 Helping verbs do not stand alone—they always work with a main
verb.
Breaking down the verb phrase Breaking down
The airplane will land.
will (helping)
+ land (main)
(verb phrase) will be landing
The airplane must have landed.
must have (helping)
+ landed (main)
(verb phrase) must have landed
There are 23 verbs that can work as helping verbs.
am
could
have
should
are
did
is
was
be
do
may
were
been
does
might
will
being
had
must
would
can
has
shall
LINKING VERB OR HELPING VERB PHRASE?
State of being verbs can be
linking verbs or work in a verb phrase as helping verbs. You have to read the sentence
and determine how the verb is being used. Here are a few tricks to sort out a word is a
linking verb or part of helping verb phrase:
The pie was good.
The pie was baking.
Is good part of a verb phrase was good?
Is “baking” part of a verb phrase “was baking?”
Put “to” in front of the word that was
might be helping. When you say “to
good”? Does it make sense? Not really, so
“was” is a linking verb in this sentence.
Put “to” in front of the word that was might
be helping. When you say “to bake”? Does it
make sense? Sure it does! Baking is part of the
verb phrase “was baking.”
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© 2012 R.C.Siczek
Transitive v. Intransitive
Transitive verbs…transfer . . . translate . . . transport . . . what does
these words mean? Bring or change from one place to another;
change the meaning of a passage from one language to another;
carry a cargo from one place to another.
Transitive verbs are action verbs that allow an action to pass from
a doer (subject) to a receiver (direct object). The action of the verb
crosses over from a doer (subject) to a receiver (direct object).
A transitive verbs is an action verb that will have a direct object.
 Kevin kicked the ball.
Ball = direct object; ball is what Kevin kicked.
 Eric grabbed the pencil from the toddler.
Pencil = direct object; pencil is what Eric grabbed.
To remember that a transitive verb will always have a direct
object—remember DOT!
Direct Object = Transitive
Intransitive verbs The prefix “in-” means “not” –which in this case
means a verb that is not transitive.
An intransitive verb is a linking verb that shows no action.
 The rabbit is fluffy.
The verb is is intransitive—it shows no action.
An intransitive verb could be an action verb that does not have a
direct object.
•
The rabbit hopped under the bush.
Even though hopped is an action verb, there is no direct
object—hopped is intransitive.
© 2012 R.C.Siczek
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Transitive or Intransitive?
Don’t guess! Follow the path to the right answer.
Action
or
linking
verb?
Linking
Intransitive
Verb
Action
Does it
have a
direct
object?
Yes
Transitive Verb
No
Intransitive
Verb
The athletes joined the parade.
Is joined a linking or action verb? ACTION
Is parade the object of joined (receiving the action)? YES
joined is a TRANSITIVE VERB
They carried flags.
Is carried a linking or action verb? ACTION
Is flags the object of carried? YES
carried is a TRANSITIVE VERB
Some athletes became gold medalists.
Is became a linking or action verb? LINKING
became is an INTRANSITIVE VERB—medalists is the
predicate nominative renaming athletes
The medalists marched to the podium.
Is marched a linking or action verb? ACTION
Is [to the podium] the object of marched? NO
marched is an INTRANSITIVE VERB
© 2012 R.C.Siczek
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Verb Vocabulary
















main verb — is the verb that expresses action or says something about the
subject; it is the last word in a verb phrase
helping verb — also called an “auxiliary verb,” helps the main verb express its
action, showing tense; most helping verbs are forms of be, have, and do; there
are 23 helping verbs
verb phrase — consists of a main verb + one or more helping verbs
action verb —expresses physical or mental action
physical action — performed and can be seen: drive, jump, eat, runs
mental action — performed and cannot be seen: think, wish, imagine, care,
concentrate, forgive, grow, love
asserting verbs — sometimes called a “state of being” verb—does not express
an action, but says something about its subject
linking verb — links, or joins, the subject to a word or words in the predicate.
predicate nominative —the word following the linking verb that is in the
predicate that renames the subject
predicate adjective—the word following the linking verb that is in the
predicate that describes the subject
transitive verb — a verb that needs a direct object. It expresses an action that
passes across (transits) from a doer (the subject) to a receiver (the direct
object). A transitive verb must be an action verb.
intransitive verb — a verb that does not need a direct object to complete its
meaning. It expresses an action that does not have a receiver. An intransitive
verb is a linking verb or an action verb with no receiver.
active voice — an action verb can have two voices, active and passive. The active
voice stresses the doer of an action and is more forceful than passive voice.
passive voice — an action verb can have two voices, active and passive. The
passive voice stresses the receiver and shift emphasis away from the subject.
irregular verb — verbs that their past and past participles are formed in
unpredictable ways (do, did, has done) are verbs when you change to the past
tense a vowel may change or the final –d may become a –t or the word does no
change at all; the past tense and past participles are formed in unpredictable
ways.
regular verb — verbs that can be changed from the present to the past and past
participle simply by adding –ed or –d. (jump, jumped, have jumped)—
predictable endings; when you change a regular verb’s present tense to the past
tense and the past participle, you add –d or –ed; most verbs are regular verbs.
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© 2012 R.C.Siczek
© 2012 R.C.Siczek
Preposition Vocabulary
preposition: a word that relates a noun or pronoun to the rest of a
sentence.
prepositional phrase: The group of words including a preposition, its
object, and the words modifying the object.
object of a preposition: A noun, pronoun, or noun phrase acted upon by
a preposition.
 Prepositions always have an object.
(The object of a preposition can be a noun, a pronoun, or a group of
words acting as a noun.).
 Prepositions are always part of a prepositional phrase.
(If the word isn’t part of a prepositional phrase, it is probably as
adverb.)
prepositional phrase
object of the preposition
preposition
in time
on Tuesday
after class
preposition
modifier(s)
object of the
preposition
inside the stinky locker
before your basketball practice
about a rogue tiger
© 2012 R.C.Siczek
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How do I find the prepositional phrase?
An easy way to think of how prepositions work is to think
of a cloud and an airplane . . .
above the cloud
over the cloud
on the cloud
near the cloud
into the cloud
behind the cloud
through the cloud
inside the cloud
in the cloud
in front of the cloud
under the cloud
below the cloud
. . . any way the airplane can relate to the cloud is likely a
prepositional phrase. Does that make sense?
 Again, the ultra-important thing about prepositions is
that they are always found in prepositional phrases.
 Remember, a phrase is a group of words that lacks
either a subject or a verb and functions as a single part
of speech.
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© 2012 R.C.Siczek
Don’t confuse prepositions and adverbs!
When words from the preposition list are not used in prepositional
phrases, they are NOT prepositions.
I bet you know why, right? Prepositions are ALWAYS in prepositional
phrases.
Does this make sense? Let’s take a look at an example using the word
down.
The cat ran down the tree.
“down the tree” is a prepositional phrase with down as the
preposition and tree as the object of the preposition
Put the gun down!
“down” is not part of a prepositional phrase—it has no object, so it
is working as an adverb telling where to put the gun
Commonly Used Prepositions
The prepositions off, to and in are among the ten most frequently used
words in the English language.
The most frequently used prepositions:
about
above
across
after
behind
below
beneath beside
down
during
except
for
off
on
onto
opposite
till
to
toward
under
until
underneath
against
besides
from
out
along
between
in
outside
The most frequently used compound prepositions:
according to
instead of
© 2012 R.C.Siczek
as of
next to
because of
out of
in place of
prior to
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© 2012 R.C.Siczek
Adverbs only modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs
Adverbs answer one of fives questions.
1.
How? ran slowly, sat quietly, read well
2.
When? ran yesterday, already finished, eat later
3.
Where? went downstairs, ate outside, study abroad
4.
How much? always cries, seldom misses, often goes
If it ends in the suffix –ly, it’s likely to be an adverb.
These words are always adverbs:
never
always
not
too
here
now
there
very
then
when where
To identify an adverb, ask yourself . . .
 Does it end in –ly, and without the –ly, would it be an adjective?
(Be careful: Some words that end in –ly are adjectives.)
 Can it shift position in a sentence without changing the meaning
of the sentence? It is probably an adverb. (I swam yesterday.
Yesterday I swam.)
 Does it tell how, when, where, how much, or why?
Usually when an adverb modifies an adjective or other adverb, it tells
how much (or to what extent).
When adverbs act in this way, we call them intensifiers.
She was very pretty.
adverb modifying
an adjective
She arrives late too often.
adverb modifying
an adverb
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© 2012 R.C.Siczek
Some common adverbs.
How
• carefully
• correctly
• eagerly
• easily
• fast
• loudly
• patiently
• quickly
• quietly
• well
Where
• abroad
• anywhere
• downstairs
• here
• home
• in
• nowhere
• out
• outside
• somewhere
• there
• underground
• upstairs
• so
• so that
• to
• in order to
• because
• since
• accidentally
• intentionally
• purposely
When
How Much
• always
• every
• never
• often
• rarely
• seldom
• sometimes
• Usually
Why
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
after
already
during
finally
just
last
later
next
now
recently
soon
then
tomorrow
when
while
yesterday
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© 2012 R.C.Siczek
© 2012 R.C.Siczek
Nouns come in different shapes and sizes.
Common nouns have a general meaning and name one or a group of
things.
boy, dream, pizza, novel, chair, stairs, soccer, piano, actor,
spider
Proper nouns name specific things and start with a capital letter.
Jenny, Charlotte, University of Notre Dame, Omega Sports,
Stamford Bridge
Concrete nouns exist in the real world and can be seen.
hamburger, pencil, rug, television, computer, uniform
Abstract nouns are ideas or concepts.
days, generosity, compassion, love, faith, lie, honesty,
relationship
Collective nouns name a group of things (and often singular)
army, audience, committee, corporation, school, team, family,
flock
Compound nouns are made up of more than one word.
hot dog, mouse pad, toothbrush, tennis shoe, six-pack
Countable nouns can be counted—like the common nouns listed above;
while mass nouns cannot—think of things like music, art, sugar,
water, advice, news.
Nouns can be singular (one) or plural (more than one).
Plural nouns come in regular and irregular forms.
Make a regular plural noun by:
 adding an –s or –es
girls or boxes
 changing -y to -i and adding
–es
babies, families,
stories
© 2012 R.C.Siczek
Irregular plural nouns either:
 change their form
completely
mouse to mice, goose
to geese, cactus to
cacti, foot to feet
 don’t change at all
deer, fish, species
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A few tricks to find a noun
If you can answer any of these questions with a “yes,” you probably
have a noun.
1.
Put “the,” “a,” or “an” in front of it—does it make sense on its own?
“a dog,” “an army,” “the house” These all make sense, right? But “a
rainy,” “an is,” “the slowly”? Not so much.
2.
Put an adjective in front of it—does it make sense?
“pretty bird,” “rainy day,” “tall girl,” “youngest generation”—all
make sense, but “pretty was,” “rainy eat,” “tall slowly,” not so much.
3.
Can you make it plural?
Just ask yourself, “Can you have more than one?”
Often words that end in –tion are abstract nouns.
For example: attention, concentration, generation, contribution,
retaliation, foundation
Where do you find nouns?
Nouns are hard workers. In a sentence, a noun can act as:
subject
appositive
direct object
indirect object
object of the preposition
predicate nominative
noun of direct address
Let’s take a look at a few examples . . .
The bird in the tree is a robin.
subject
object
predicate
of the nominative
preposition
Students, you have a test on Friday.
noun of
direct
address
direct
object
object
of the
preposition
Joe, the quarterback, threw Alex the ball.
subject
appositive
indirect
object
direct
object
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© 2012 R.C.Siczek
Are they nouns?
Other parts of speech and even clauses can function the same way as
nouns in sentences.
A gerund is a verb form ending in an –ing used as noun.
Acting requires skill and practice.
In this sentence, “requires” is the verb and “acting” is the gerund
acting as the subject noun.
Shelly knows the rules of driving.
In this sentence, “knows” is the verb and “driving” is the gerund
working as the object of the preposition noun.
How do you tell gerund from a verb? If you can substitute the pronoun
“it” for the –ing word in a sentence, it is a gerund acting as a noun.
Here’s an example:
Training makes me stronger.
It makes me stronger.
You can substitute “it” and the sentence still makes sense.
Megan loves swimming.
Megan loves it.
You can substitute “it” and the sentence still makes sense.
But what about this: She is running to class.
She is it to class. What? This makes no sense—running is working as
the verb in this sentence.
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© 2012 R.C.Siczek
© 2012 R.C.Siczek
What Is An Interjection? A word that shows emotion.
Interjections are usually one to two words that come at the beginning of a
sentence.
They can show happiness (hooray), sadness (aww), fear (eek), surprise
(wow), or any other emotion.
An interjection is not grammatically related to the rest of the sentence.
 This means that unlike all of the other parts of speech, the interjection
does not interact with any other words in the sentence.
 It does not modify or name anything, and it does not get modified by
anything. It does not play the role of subject or verb.
Interjections are punctuated with an exclamation mark or a comma.
Use an exclamation mark if the emotion is very strong.
Yikes! I saw a ghost!
Use a comma if the emotion is not as strong.
Yay, I can babysit my brother.
Beware! Not all introductory words followed by an exclamation point or a
comma are interjections. It is a word that shows emotion. So, if the word in
question does not show emotion, it is probably not an interjection.
Aleesha! Hurry and get your backpack!
Names like this one are not interjections. They are nouns and called direct
address. Also, names don’t show emotion.
Stop! A car is coming!
Stop is not an interjection. It is a verb because it shows action. The sentence
as a whole does convey a sense of urgency, but the word stop is not showing
emotion. Stop! is actually a sentence with you as the understood subject.
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© 2012 R.C.Siczek
© 2012 R.C.Siczek
Coordinating conjunctions join equal words, phrases
and clauses. To remember them, think FANBOYS.
F for
B but
A and
O or
N nor
Y yet
S so
Correlative conjunctions occur in pairs. . .
either-or
neither-nor
not only-but also
whether-or
both-and
Subordinating (or subordinate) conjunctions join
independent clauses to dependent clauses.
How do you punctuate?
Independent Clause + Ø + subordinate clause
Subordinate Clause + , + independent clause
 Common subordinating conjunctions are after, although, as, as if,




because, before, even if, even though, in order that, if, now that,
once, since, so that, than, unless, until, when, where, whereas, and
while.
Some subordinating conjunctions are called “adverbial conjunctions”
because they act as adverbs in the subordinate clause.
The clause beginning with the subordinate conjunction is the
dependent clause, also called the subordinate clause.
A subordinate clause does not stand by itself as a complete sentence.
Independent clauses and dependent clauses can be in any order.
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Conjunction Vocabulary
 Clause—any group of words with a subject and predicate.
 Complex sentence —a sentence in which two or more
clauses are joined by subordinating conjunctions
 Compound sentence—sentence in which clauses are joined
by coordinate conjunctions
 Compound—made of two or more parts.
 Compound-complex sentence—a sentence with at least two
independent clauses and at least one dependent clause
 Coordinating conjunction—A conjunction that connects
equal words, phrases, or clauses.
 Correlative conjunction —A type of coordinate conjunction
that occurs in pairs: either-or, neither-nor, both-and, not
only-but also, and whether-or
 Dependent clause—a subordinate clause, beginning with a
subordinate conjunction. The same as a subordinate clause.
 Independent clause—a clause that can stand by itself as a
complete sentence.
 Phrase—any group of words that acts as another part of
speech, and doesn’t have a subject and predicate.
 Relative clause—a clause that begins with a relative
pronoun.
 Simple coordinate conjunction—a coordinate conjunction
that occurs alone: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)
 Subordinate clause—a dependent clause, beginning with a
subordinate conjunction. The same as a dependent clause.
 Subordinate conjunction—a conjunction that joins a
dependent clause to an independent clause.
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© 2012 R.C.Siczek