* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Nouns
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Arabic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ojibwe grammar wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Irish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Udmurt grammar wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Navajo grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lexical semantics wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
English clause syntax wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Russian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Georgian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Italian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Icelandic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Turkish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
© 2012 R.C.Siczek P ronoun A djective V erb P reposition A dverb N oun I nterjection C onjunction 2 © 2012 R.C.Siczek © 2012 R.C.Siczek What Is a Pronoun? A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. You use them all the time…he, she, it, they, you, someone, who, her, him, yours, himself….the list goes on. Pronouns can do all the things that a noun can do. it can be modified by an adjective, and it can perform any of the noun jobs in a sentence—subject, direct object, indirect object, and object of the preposition. Pronouns can make your writing flow more smoothly, and make it less choppy. The test for a pronoun is to replace it with a noun or (sometimes) to try adding the articles "a" or "the" before it. There are different types of pronouns: personal, possessive demonstrative, indefinite, relative, intensive, and interrogative. Pronouns can be confusing if the antecedent is not clear. A pronoun's antecedent is the noun or noun phrase it refers to. A pronoun's antecedent is the noun or noun phrase it is replacing or refers to. Examples always help make things clear, right? Janie gave her sweater to Elizabeth. Jane is the antecedent for the pronoun her. Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. He is also credited with other inventions. Thomas Edison is the antecedent for the pronoun he. Janie gave Mary her sweater. Yikes—antecedent confusion! Is Janie giving Mary Janie’s sweater or Mary her own sweater? Is it hard to tell. That’s why it is important that it is clear which noun is the pronoun’s antecedent. Not all pronouns have antecedents. Sometimes we don’t know whom exactly 4 we are talking about. For example: Someone took my pen! © 2012 R.C.Siczek Personal Pronouns These are the pronouns we use most, and stand in for a specific noun or noun phrase. They tell number (singular or plural) and gender (masculine, feminine, or neuter). Singular Plural First Person: the person or people speaking or writing I me we us Second Person: the person or people being spoken or written to you you Third Person: the person, people, or things being spoken or written about she, her he, him , it they them Possessive Pronouns Show ownership and can sometimes be adjectives. For example: Our family went on vacation. (Our = adjective telling whose family) That bike is mine. (mine = pronoun standing in for the noun bike.) Singular Plural First Person mine ours Second Person yours yours hers, his, its theirs Third Person Demonstrative Pronouns The four demonstrative pronouns that point out a specific noun. this that these those Show closeness (this and these are closer than that and those) Can act like nouns or adjectives, take a look: This movie stinks. This acts as a adjective telling which movie. This stinks. This is now standing in as the subject and working as a noun. © 2012 R.C.Siczek 5 Indefinite Pronouns Takes the place of a noun that can't be named specifically. Includes the –one, -body, and –thing pronouns anyone anybody anything someone somebody something everyone everybody everything no one nobody nothing Includes number and amount words, such as: another enough many each either both none little much most And the cardinal and ordinal numbers such as one, first, two, second, ten, tenth, and so on. Can have possessive case. Some are singular, some are plural, and some could be either. If it ends in –one, -body, or –thing, it is always singular. Interrogative Pronouns Used to ask a question, and most always begin an interrogative sentence. who whom whose which what Remember, who, whose, whom, and which are interrogative when they are used to ask a question and relative when they are used to join clauses. 6 © 2012 R.C.Siczek Relative Pronouns These pronouns join clauses and sometimes can be confused with conjunctions, but remember they are pronouns! who (use for people as the subject) The boy who is playing center is new to the team. whose (use for people as possessive) A girl whose name I cannot recall will be babysitting. whom (use for people as an object) The teacher whom I am meeting is late. which (use for a nonrestrictive clause, and set off with commas) The clinics, which are held on Fridays, are free of charge. that (use for a restrictive clause and not set off with commas— sometimes that is left out, but it is still understood ) Lions that don’t have access to wild game may attack people. Reflexive & Intensive Pronouns myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves Same words, but different names depending on how they are being used. A reflexive pronoun are objects used to refer to the subject of the sentence. direct object The man kicked himself. indirect object She made herself lunch. An intensive pronoun is used to emphasize another noun. He himself visited the school. We sat next to the president herself. Since an intensive pronoun is used for emphasis, it is not necessary to the sentence. It gives no new information. You could remove an intensive pronoun from a sentence, and the sentence would still make sense. 7 © 2012 R.C.Siczek © 2012 R.C.Siczek What are the adjective questions? An adjective describes a noun or pronoun. An adjective answers at least one of these adjective questions. 1. Which one? (green, tall, the, that) 2. What kind? (hairy, metal, special) 3. How many? (twelve, several, few) 4. Whose? (Grace's, hers, its, Mitchell's) Where do you find adjectives? An adjective is most often found just before the noun or pronoun it is modifying—like the examples on the next page. Sometimes an adjective will come after a verb. When? When the verb is a linking verb. In this case, the adjective is called a predicate adjective and tells more about the subject of the sentence. The dog is cute. Those cookies smell delicious. Janie looks pretty. Markus was exhausted. Can other parts of speech act like adjectives? Yes. Other parts of speech can some times function as an adjective. This is where is gets tricky. You have to ask yourself what the word is doing in the sentence. Pronouns can function as adjectives—the most common are: demonstrative—this, that, these, those interrogative—which, whose, what indefinite—another, any, both, neither, many, neither, one, other, some This pie is good. These apples taste delicious. © 2012 R.C.Siczek Which desk is mine? Whose pencil is this? Any paper will due. Many fish migrate. 9 Nouns can be adjectives—you will commonly see. . . possessive nouns working as adjectives Joe’s hat; teacher’s desk; cat’s food nouns working like adjectives by describing other nouns The paper airplane crashed into the window. In this sentence, paper isn’t functioning as a noun. It is answering the question “what kind” of airplane. The soccer ball hit the crossbar. In this sentence, soccer isn’t functioning as a noun. It is answering the question “what kind” of ball. Remember gerunds? Nouns that are formed by putting an –ing on a verb. You can do the same thing with adjectives, but they are called participles. Here are a few examples: running shoes barking dog swimming pool crying baby More adjective terminology: attributive: an adjective or noun placed before or right after its noun comparative: showing whether one thing, idea, or quality is greater or lesser than another demonstrative: pointing out or showing something specific indefinite: pronouns substituted for something of unknown quantity or quality possessive: a noun, pronoun, or adjective form that shows ownership or possession superlative: showing a comparison in extreme form—the superlative of an adjective shows that a quality is the greatest or least of all—used with three or more things being compared 10 © 2012 R.C.Siczek © 2012 R.C.Siczek Verbs A verb is a word that says something about its subject or makes an assertion about its subject. Sometimes the asserting words work solo, as in Chloe runs. Other times the asserting words link the subject to other words that rename or describe the subject: The runner appears tired. OR Jane is a good student. OR The soup smelled awful. Verbs can express a complete thought in just one word. − Run! − Wait! − Go! Verbs tell what the subject does or is (action verbs or linking verbs). Verbs tell when that action happens (helping verbs: principal parts, tenses). Verbs voice if the action is performed by the subject or is performed upon the subject (active voice or passive voice). Verbs show to whom the action is performed upon (transitive verbs/direct objects). Verbs are “above” grammar rules. They do not always have to follow the rules and patterns—they get to make up their own (irregular verbs). The verb is the word that usually will change form if you change the time of the sentence, that is past, present or future. Present Tense Past Tense Future Tense Plural Plural a fact…what Singular the subject Plural is. TheSingular verb to be does not showSingular action. It expresses I am we are I was we were I will be we will be you are you are you were you were you will be you will be he/she/it is they are he/she/it was they were he/she/it will be they will be 12 © 2012 R.C.Siczek Linking Verbs A linking verb links, or joins, the subject of a sentence with a word or words in the predicate. The tile floor feels cold. Tommy is the winner. Lisa appeared shocked when they called her name. A linking verb never shows action. A linking verb always links the subject with something—either a noun or pronoun (called a predicate nominative) or an adjective (called a predicate adjective). Commonly Used Linking Verbs to feel to appear to become to look to stay to smell to taste to sound to prove to remain to seem to turn you are you are you were you were you will be you will be to be (is, am, was , were, being, been, be) Predicate noun—word following the linking verb that is in the predicate and is a noun or pronoun that renames the subject. Predicate adjective—the word following the linking verb that is in the predicate and is an adjective that describes the subject. That dog is a Boxer. Jamie became an artist. That dog is cute. The basement smelled musty. ACTION OR LINKING? The same verb can be an action verb or a linking verb. You have to read the sentence and determine how the verb is being used. Just taste this homemade fudge. (Someone is engaging in the act of tasting; therefore, taste is an action verb in this sentence.) The fudge tastes delicious. (Tastes links the subject fudge to the predicate adjective delicious; therefore, tastes is a linking verb in this sentence. HINT! If you are having trouble, try this trick . . . insert a form of “to be” (is, am, are, was, were) for the verb. If the sentence meaning is not changed, the verb usually is linking. Kelly tasted the soup. Replace the verb tasted with is. You know that a person isn’t soup, so tasted is an action verb in this sentence. © 2012 R.C.Siczek 13 Verb Phase = Helping Verb + Main Verb Verbs work in teams doing specific jobs and making a sentence clear. Helping verbs appear with the main verb that expresses action to show when that action takes place. Words (adverbs, to be exact) such as not, never, always are not considered to be in the verb phrase. Helping verbs do not stand alone—they always work with a main verb. Breaking down the verb phrase Breaking down The airplane will land. will (helping) + land (main) (verb phrase) will be landing The airplane must have landed. must have (helping) + landed (main) (verb phrase) must have landed There are 23 verbs that can work as helping verbs. am could have should are did is was be do may were been does might will being had must would can has shall LINKING VERB OR HELPING VERB PHRASE? State of being verbs can be linking verbs or work in a verb phrase as helping verbs. You have to read the sentence and determine how the verb is being used. Here are a few tricks to sort out a word is a linking verb or part of helping verb phrase: The pie was good. The pie was baking. Is good part of a verb phrase was good? Is “baking” part of a verb phrase “was baking?” Put “to” in front of the word that was might be helping. When you say “to good”? Does it make sense? Not really, so “was” is a linking verb in this sentence. Put “to” in front of the word that was might be helping. When you say “to bake”? Does it make sense? Sure it does! Baking is part of the verb phrase “was baking.” 14 © 2012 R.C.Siczek Transitive v. Intransitive Transitive verbs…transfer . . . translate . . . transport . . . what does these words mean? Bring or change from one place to another; change the meaning of a passage from one language to another; carry a cargo from one place to another. Transitive verbs are action verbs that allow an action to pass from a doer (subject) to a receiver (direct object). The action of the verb crosses over from a doer (subject) to a receiver (direct object). A transitive verbs is an action verb that will have a direct object. Kevin kicked the ball. Ball = direct object; ball is what Kevin kicked. Eric grabbed the pencil from the toddler. Pencil = direct object; pencil is what Eric grabbed. To remember that a transitive verb will always have a direct object—remember DOT! Direct Object = Transitive Intransitive verbs The prefix “in-” means “not” –which in this case means a verb that is not transitive. An intransitive verb is a linking verb that shows no action. The rabbit is fluffy. The verb is is intransitive—it shows no action. An intransitive verb could be an action verb that does not have a direct object. • The rabbit hopped under the bush. Even though hopped is an action verb, there is no direct object—hopped is intransitive. © 2012 R.C.Siczek 15 Transitive or Intransitive? Don’t guess! Follow the path to the right answer. Action or linking verb? Linking Intransitive Verb Action Does it have a direct object? Yes Transitive Verb No Intransitive Verb The athletes joined the parade. Is joined a linking or action verb? ACTION Is parade the object of joined (receiving the action)? YES joined is a TRANSITIVE VERB They carried flags. Is carried a linking or action verb? ACTION Is flags the object of carried? YES carried is a TRANSITIVE VERB Some athletes became gold medalists. Is became a linking or action verb? LINKING became is an INTRANSITIVE VERB—medalists is the predicate nominative renaming athletes The medalists marched to the podium. Is marched a linking or action verb? ACTION Is [to the podium] the object of marched? NO marched is an INTRANSITIVE VERB © 2012 R.C.Siczek 16 Verb Vocabulary main verb — is the verb that expresses action or says something about the subject; it is the last word in a verb phrase helping verb — also called an “auxiliary verb,” helps the main verb express its action, showing tense; most helping verbs are forms of be, have, and do; there are 23 helping verbs verb phrase — consists of a main verb + one or more helping verbs action verb —expresses physical or mental action physical action — performed and can be seen: drive, jump, eat, runs mental action — performed and cannot be seen: think, wish, imagine, care, concentrate, forgive, grow, love asserting verbs — sometimes called a “state of being” verb—does not express an action, but says something about its subject linking verb — links, or joins, the subject to a word or words in the predicate. predicate nominative —the word following the linking verb that is in the predicate that renames the subject predicate adjective—the word following the linking verb that is in the predicate that describes the subject transitive verb — a verb that needs a direct object. It expresses an action that passes across (transits) from a doer (the subject) to a receiver (the direct object). A transitive verb must be an action verb. intransitive verb — a verb that does not need a direct object to complete its meaning. It expresses an action that does not have a receiver. An intransitive verb is a linking verb or an action verb with no receiver. active voice — an action verb can have two voices, active and passive. The active voice stresses the doer of an action and is more forceful than passive voice. passive voice — an action verb can have two voices, active and passive. The passive voice stresses the receiver and shift emphasis away from the subject. irregular verb — verbs that their past and past participles are formed in unpredictable ways (do, did, has done) are verbs when you change to the past tense a vowel may change or the final –d may become a –t or the word does no change at all; the past tense and past participles are formed in unpredictable ways. regular verb — verbs that can be changed from the present to the past and past participle simply by adding –ed or –d. (jump, jumped, have jumped)— predictable endings; when you change a regular verb’s present tense to the past tense and the past participle, you add –d or –ed; most verbs are regular verbs. 17 © 2012 R.C.Siczek © 2012 R.C.Siczek Preposition Vocabulary preposition: a word that relates a noun or pronoun to the rest of a sentence. prepositional phrase: The group of words including a preposition, its object, and the words modifying the object. object of a preposition: A noun, pronoun, or noun phrase acted upon by a preposition. Prepositions always have an object. (The object of a preposition can be a noun, a pronoun, or a group of words acting as a noun.). Prepositions are always part of a prepositional phrase. (If the word isn’t part of a prepositional phrase, it is probably as adverb.) prepositional phrase object of the preposition preposition in time on Tuesday after class preposition modifier(s) object of the preposition inside the stinky locker before your basketball practice about a rogue tiger © 2012 R.C.Siczek 19 How do I find the prepositional phrase? An easy way to think of how prepositions work is to think of a cloud and an airplane . . . above the cloud over the cloud on the cloud near the cloud into the cloud behind the cloud through the cloud inside the cloud in the cloud in front of the cloud under the cloud below the cloud . . . any way the airplane can relate to the cloud is likely a prepositional phrase. Does that make sense? Again, the ultra-important thing about prepositions is that they are always found in prepositional phrases. Remember, a phrase is a group of words that lacks either a subject or a verb and functions as a single part of speech. 20 © 2012 R.C.Siczek Don’t confuse prepositions and adverbs! When words from the preposition list are not used in prepositional phrases, they are NOT prepositions. I bet you know why, right? Prepositions are ALWAYS in prepositional phrases. Does this make sense? Let’s take a look at an example using the word down. The cat ran down the tree. “down the tree” is a prepositional phrase with down as the preposition and tree as the object of the preposition Put the gun down! “down” is not part of a prepositional phrase—it has no object, so it is working as an adverb telling where to put the gun Commonly Used Prepositions The prepositions off, to and in are among the ten most frequently used words in the English language. The most frequently used prepositions: about above across after behind below beneath beside down during except for off on onto opposite till to toward under until underneath against besides from out along between in outside The most frequently used compound prepositions: according to instead of © 2012 R.C.Siczek as of next to because of out of in place of prior to 21 © 2012 R.C.Siczek Adverbs only modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs Adverbs answer one of fives questions. 1. How? ran slowly, sat quietly, read well 2. When? ran yesterday, already finished, eat later 3. Where? went downstairs, ate outside, study abroad 4. How much? always cries, seldom misses, often goes If it ends in the suffix –ly, it’s likely to be an adverb. These words are always adverbs: never always not too here now there very then when where To identify an adverb, ask yourself . . . Does it end in –ly, and without the –ly, would it be an adjective? (Be careful: Some words that end in –ly are adjectives.) Can it shift position in a sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence? It is probably an adverb. (I swam yesterday. Yesterday I swam.) Does it tell how, when, where, how much, or why? Usually when an adverb modifies an adjective or other adverb, it tells how much (or to what extent). When adverbs act in this way, we call them intensifiers. She was very pretty. adverb modifying an adjective She arrives late too often. adverb modifying an adverb 23 © 2012 R.C.Siczek Some common adverbs. How • carefully • correctly • eagerly • easily • fast • loudly • patiently • quickly • quietly • well Where • abroad • anywhere • downstairs • here • home • in • nowhere • out • outside • somewhere • there • underground • upstairs • so • so that • to • in order to • because • since • accidentally • intentionally • purposely When How Much • always • every • never • often • rarely • seldom • sometimes • Usually Why • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • after already during finally just last later next now recently soon then tomorrow when while yesterday 24 © 2012 R.C.Siczek © 2012 R.C.Siczek Nouns come in different shapes and sizes. Common nouns have a general meaning and name one or a group of things. boy, dream, pizza, novel, chair, stairs, soccer, piano, actor, spider Proper nouns name specific things and start with a capital letter. Jenny, Charlotte, University of Notre Dame, Omega Sports, Stamford Bridge Concrete nouns exist in the real world and can be seen. hamburger, pencil, rug, television, computer, uniform Abstract nouns are ideas or concepts. days, generosity, compassion, love, faith, lie, honesty, relationship Collective nouns name a group of things (and often singular) army, audience, committee, corporation, school, team, family, flock Compound nouns are made up of more than one word. hot dog, mouse pad, toothbrush, tennis shoe, six-pack Countable nouns can be counted—like the common nouns listed above; while mass nouns cannot—think of things like music, art, sugar, water, advice, news. Nouns can be singular (one) or plural (more than one). Plural nouns come in regular and irregular forms. Make a regular plural noun by: adding an –s or –es girls or boxes changing -y to -i and adding –es babies, families, stories © 2012 R.C.Siczek Irregular plural nouns either: change their form completely mouse to mice, goose to geese, cactus to cacti, foot to feet don’t change at all deer, fish, species 26 A few tricks to find a noun If you can answer any of these questions with a “yes,” you probably have a noun. 1. Put “the,” “a,” or “an” in front of it—does it make sense on its own? “a dog,” “an army,” “the house” These all make sense, right? But “a rainy,” “an is,” “the slowly”? Not so much. 2. Put an adjective in front of it—does it make sense? “pretty bird,” “rainy day,” “tall girl,” “youngest generation”—all make sense, but “pretty was,” “rainy eat,” “tall slowly,” not so much. 3. Can you make it plural? Just ask yourself, “Can you have more than one?” Often words that end in –tion are abstract nouns. For example: attention, concentration, generation, contribution, retaliation, foundation Where do you find nouns? Nouns are hard workers. In a sentence, a noun can act as: subject appositive direct object indirect object object of the preposition predicate nominative noun of direct address Let’s take a look at a few examples . . . The bird in the tree is a robin. subject object predicate of the nominative preposition Students, you have a test on Friday. noun of direct address direct object object of the preposition Joe, the quarterback, threw Alex the ball. subject appositive indirect object direct object 27 © 2012 R.C.Siczek Are they nouns? Other parts of speech and even clauses can function the same way as nouns in sentences. A gerund is a verb form ending in an –ing used as noun. Acting requires skill and practice. In this sentence, “requires” is the verb and “acting” is the gerund acting as the subject noun. Shelly knows the rules of driving. In this sentence, “knows” is the verb and “driving” is the gerund working as the object of the preposition noun. How do you tell gerund from a verb? If you can substitute the pronoun “it” for the –ing word in a sentence, it is a gerund acting as a noun. Here’s an example: Training makes me stronger. It makes me stronger. You can substitute “it” and the sentence still makes sense. Megan loves swimming. Megan loves it. You can substitute “it” and the sentence still makes sense. But what about this: She is running to class. She is it to class. What? This makes no sense—running is working as the verb in this sentence. 28 © 2012 R.C.Siczek © 2012 R.C.Siczek What Is An Interjection? A word that shows emotion. Interjections are usually one to two words that come at the beginning of a sentence. They can show happiness (hooray), sadness (aww), fear (eek), surprise (wow), or any other emotion. An interjection is not grammatically related to the rest of the sentence. This means that unlike all of the other parts of speech, the interjection does not interact with any other words in the sentence. It does not modify or name anything, and it does not get modified by anything. It does not play the role of subject or verb. Interjections are punctuated with an exclamation mark or a comma. Use an exclamation mark if the emotion is very strong. Yikes! I saw a ghost! Use a comma if the emotion is not as strong. Yay, I can babysit my brother. Beware! Not all introductory words followed by an exclamation point or a comma are interjections. It is a word that shows emotion. So, if the word in question does not show emotion, it is probably not an interjection. Aleesha! Hurry and get your backpack! Names like this one are not interjections. They are nouns and called direct address. Also, names don’t show emotion. Stop! A car is coming! Stop is not an interjection. It is a verb because it shows action. The sentence as a whole does convey a sense of urgency, but the word stop is not showing emotion. Stop! is actually a sentence with you as the understood subject. 30 © 2012 R.C.Siczek © 2012 R.C.Siczek Coordinating conjunctions join equal words, phrases and clauses. To remember them, think FANBOYS. F for B but A and O or N nor Y yet S so Correlative conjunctions occur in pairs. . . either-or neither-nor not only-but also whether-or both-and Subordinating (or subordinate) conjunctions join independent clauses to dependent clauses. How do you punctuate? Independent Clause + Ø + subordinate clause Subordinate Clause + , + independent clause Common subordinating conjunctions are after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, in order that, if, now that, once, since, so that, than, unless, until, when, where, whereas, and while. Some subordinating conjunctions are called “adverbial conjunctions” because they act as adverbs in the subordinate clause. The clause beginning with the subordinate conjunction is the dependent clause, also called the subordinate clause. A subordinate clause does not stand by itself as a complete sentence. Independent clauses and dependent clauses can be in any order. 32 © 2012 R.C.Siczek Conjunction Vocabulary Clause—any group of words with a subject and predicate. Complex sentence —a sentence in which two or more clauses are joined by subordinating conjunctions Compound sentence—sentence in which clauses are joined by coordinate conjunctions Compound—made of two or more parts. Compound-complex sentence—a sentence with at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause Coordinating conjunction—A conjunction that connects equal words, phrases, or clauses. Correlative conjunction —A type of coordinate conjunction that occurs in pairs: either-or, neither-nor, both-and, not only-but also, and whether-or Dependent clause—a subordinate clause, beginning with a subordinate conjunction. The same as a subordinate clause. Independent clause—a clause that can stand by itself as a complete sentence. Phrase—any group of words that acts as another part of speech, and doesn’t have a subject and predicate. Relative clause—a clause that begins with a relative pronoun. Simple coordinate conjunction—a coordinate conjunction that occurs alone: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS) Subordinate clause—a dependent clause, beginning with a subordinate conjunction. The same as a dependent clause. Subordinate conjunction—a conjunction that joins a dependent clause to an independent clause. 33 © 2012 R.C.Siczek