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Rules for Analyzing Hebrew Verbs Ralph W. Klein December 10, 2001 1. Learn thoroughly Qal Perfect and Imperfect so that you can write and recite them and so that you can recognize instantaneously that a suffix like ֶלּ תindicates 2mp Perfect. The PGN (person, gender, number) of any Perfect or Imperfect verb form in any Pattern can be identified by knowledge of the Qal Paradigm. In every Pattern there are two stems: The Perfect Stem and the Imperfect Stem (usually the Imperative, Infinitive Construct and Infinitive Absolute, and Participle are based on the Imperfect Stem). In the Qal and Niphal the Infinitive Absolute and Participle are not based on this stem and must be memorized). Qal Active Participle ֹוק ֵט Qal Passive Niphal ֵט ְִֹהנ ְֵֶָֹט ( ְֹ תHollow verb) Infinitive Absolute Qal ְֵֹוָט Niphal ִהנֵֹוָטor המְֵֶֹוָטBoth Rare ****************************************************************************** 2. For the Perfects of the Derived Patterns (everything but Qal), let the name of the Pattern be your guide (that is, the 3ms will sound like the name of the Pattern). Niphal begins with nun, Piel and Pual have a Dagesh Forte in their middle character and can be distinguished by their vowel sequence (i-e for Piel, or u-a for Pual); Hiphil, Hophal, and Hithpael begin with Hiph-, Hoph- (qames hatuph) and Hith- respectively. ****************************************************************************** 3. Begin analysis of any verb form by marking off the prefixes and suffixes. ּנ ֵֶֹט ּ ֵֹט ְִ מ ִָי ח The first example is Perfect 2fs, the second 3fp or 2fp Imperfect, and all we can say about the third is that it is 3 common plural perfect or masculine plural imperative . ****************************************************************************** 4. If an Imperfect has a yod prefix, it is a 3m form; if it has a taw prefix, it is a 3f or 2m-2f form (singular or plural); if it has an aleph or nun prefix it is a 1st person form. PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version http://www.fineprint.com Rules for Verb Analysis (2) ****************************************************************************** 5. Identify the Pattern of Imperfects and other forms based on the Imperfect Stem by the recognition points. Qal: hireq-shewa. ֹןהנor ֹ ִהנ, etc. Qal Imperative, infinitive construct, and infinitive absolute lack prefixes. ןהְֶֹק Niphal: Niphal triangle ֵט With a Guttural קְבקחא ן Peh Waw ןהְֶָקכׁש (With a Hollow Verb ןהֶַָואThe Dagesh results from the Nun of the Niphal) Piel and Pual: A Dagesh forte will be in the middle letter and a vocal shewa under the prefix consonant; one can distinguish Piel from Pual by the sound of the vowels. The dagesh sometimes disappears when there is a shewa under the letter. ק ֵט ֶֹֻנ ן ֶֹֻנג ֵט ן Note: By definition a hollow verb cannot double its middle letter. Instead we have Polel ( ) ָֹוקח תand Polal () ָֹוֻח ת. ןֻנֹ ה Hiphil: Note the pathah under the prefix ֵןט [Sometimes a pathah will show up in the Qal before verbs beginning with a guttural]. ֹֻןְנ Hophal: Note the qames hatuph under the prefix ֵט A qameshatuph is a short vowel and appears only in a closed syllable. Before dagesh forte, the qameshatuph is replaced by a qibbus. Hithpael: yith-, tith-, °eth-, or nith- prefix ּ ִהנ,ּ לבנ,ּ הּנ,ּןהנ ****************************************************************************** 6. In Piel through Hithpael the Participles begin with a mem. ק ֻחנֹ ה, ֵט ק e. g. ֵט ֶֹֻנח, ֵט ְֶֹנחג, ֵןט ְְֹחנ, or ֵט ֶֹֻּהחנ PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version http://www.fineprint.com Rules for Verb Analysis (3) ****************************************************************************** 7. The Jussive is distinguished from the Imperfect only in the Hiphil of the Strong Verb. In all other Patterns the forms can be either Imperfect or Jussive. ןֻנֹ ה Hiphil Imperfect ֵןט ןֻנֹק Hiphil Jussive ֵט ****************************************************************************** 8. If only two root consonants appear in a verb form, the following rules will help you discover the third consonant. a. If there are only two root consonants, and the first is pointed with Dagesh Forte, the word is Pe Nun. ׁןהֶֻעכfrom ׁ ִעכ. Cf. הֶֹֻּיfrom ט ֹי b. If there are only two root consonants, and the prefix and the first two root consonants (that is, up to the second consonant, not beneath it) are pointed like the Strong Verb, the word is Lamed He. ֶָ ֶהּנעטQal Imperfect, 2mp, from עט מ ְּ ה“ ִהֶןPiel Perfect, 2ms, from “ִ מ c. If there are only two root consonants, and they are separated by a long vowel, the word may be Hollow (Ayin Waw or Ayin Yod). Note ”c„ and ”d„ belong together. Qal Imperfect ןְ ֶָֹ תand ןְהדׁן ת Qal Jussive ןְ ֹו תand ןְקהדׁ ת d. If there are only two root consonants, and the prefix of the imperfect is pointed with a qames in an open syllable, the verb is Hollow and the pattern is Qal or Hiphil. Qal Imperfect ןְ ֶָֹ תor ןְהדׁן תfrom ָֹ תand כׁן ת. Qal Jussive ןְ ֹו תor ןְקדׁ תderived from ֶָֹ תor הדׁן ת. Qal Imperfect with Waw Consecutive ָֻןְְֶֹ תor ָֻןְֶלדׁ תderived from ֶָֹ תor הדׁן ת. Hiphil Imperfect ןְ הֹן תor ןְהדׁן ת PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version http://www.fineprint.com Rules for Verb Analysis (4) Hiphil Jussive ןְקֹ תor ןְקדׁ ת Hiphil Imperfect with Waw Consecutive ָֻןְֶלֹ תor ָֻןְֶלדׁ ת Note: the Qal and Hiphil Imperfects of Ayin Yod verbs are identical. e. If there are only two root consonants, and the prefix is pointed with a Naturally Long vowel [a vowel usually written with a vowel letter], the word is Pe Waw or Hollow. Pe Waw Niphal ִָוֻכׁשperfect. The imperfect is regular: ןהְֶָקכׁש. ןוָהand ר מוָהImperfect and Perfect Hiphil ר ֲן ֲן ֶָֻןand ר ֶָֻ מImperfect and Perfect Hophal ר ֲ ֲ Pe Yod קמן הfrom ןֵש Hiphil ֵןש Hollow Hophal ןֶָֹֻ תand מֶָֹֻ תImperfect and Perfect Note: Pe Waw and Hollow roots have the same kind of Hophal forms. The Hiphil of Hollow verbs is (קמ הֹן ת3ms) and ְּ(ךמ הֹן חָו2ms). Though these forms do not fit this rule, the he prefix is a tipoff that they are Hiphil. f. If there are only two root consonants, and the prefix of the Qal Imperfect is pointed with a sere, the word is Pe Yod. ֶָקנכׁש ןQal imperfect 3mp from ןכׁש. cf. ס ןfrom מטס קקטנ g. If there are only two root consonants, and none of the above rules applies, the word may be Ayin Ayin. ֻ ,ןשš קמ ה,שš ֶשָו הּןš ֶָֻןֶֻקare all from ששš(Qal Perf, Hiph Perf, and Hiph Imperfect respectively. ****************************************************************************** 9. A final taw (ּ ) indicates a Qal Infinitive construct in Pe Yod: ּ לכׁלשfrom ןכׁש PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version http://www.fineprint.com Rules for Verb Analysis (5) Pe Nun ּ ׁ לעֶלכfrom ִׁעכ Cf. ּ ֹֻֻיfrom ט ֹי. ****************************************************************************** 10. A final ּ ָוis the sign of an Infinitive Construct in all Patterns for Lamed He verbs. Qal ּ נֶשִָו Piel ּ ֻעֶֶטָו ****************************************************************************** 11. Guttural verbs differ from Strong verbs in the following ways: F = no dagesh forte; S = Silent shewa replaced by hateph vowel; V = Vocal Shewa replaced by hateph vowel; A = Preference for ”a-class„ vowels. The letter resalso does not take dagesh forte. Piel perfect ְֶּנ ִ קחֻבwith compensative lengthening ֲ החֻמwith virtual doubling ק ס קֶשNo dagesh forte in the res ֲנ ןֻך“ חוHateph vowel for silent shewa and preference for ”a„ vowel Qal imperfect ר ך“ חוHateph vowel for vocal shewa Qal imperative ר ****************************************************************************** 12. Pe Nun verbs tend to have the first letter of the root assimilated (Dagesh Forte appears in the following consonant). They act like the Strong Verbs in Piel and Pual. Niphal Perfect ׁ ִהֶֻעכfrom *ׁנֶֻעכ ִִה Hiphil Perfect ׁ המהעֶןכfrom *ׁנעהֶןכ ִ המ Hophal Perfect (qibbus replaces qames hatuph before a Dagesh Forte) ׁ גמֶֻעכfrom *ׁנֶֻעכ ִ ְמ Hophal Imperfect 1cs: ׁגבֶֻעכ from ִׁעכ. ****************************************************************************** 13. The Jussives of Lamed He Verbs are apocopated (shortened): Qal Imperfect ןהנעלט מ Qal Jussive ןהלעט PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version http://www.fineprint.com Rules for Verb Analysis (6) Piel Imperfect נֻעלֶט מ ן ֻנ Piel Jussive נֻּעט ֶ cf. ָ• ָֻןinstead of נ•לֶָ מ ָֻן ֻ; Hiphil Jussive ןללעט. Hiphil Imperfect ןעלט מ ****************************************************************************** 14. Pe Yod Verbs were often originally (that is, in Proto-Semitic) Pe Waw, and the Waw still appears in some forms. Niphal Perfect ר ִָוֻטfrom ר ןט Niphal Imperfect ר ןהְֶָקט Niphal Infinitive Construct ר המְֶָקט ו Hiphil Perfect ר מָהטן Hiphil Imperfect ר ןָוהטן Hophal Perfect מֶָֻכׁש Hophal Imperfect ןֶָֻכׁש Procedure for Analyzing Hebrew Verbs 15. Examine words to see whether they show any suffixes of the Perfect or any prefixes (and suffixes) of the Imperfect. This will give you the tense and the Person, Number, and Gender. © A verb is an infinitive construct if it has a preposition in front of it (ט,ַ,)ש, or if it has possessive suffixes like those used on a noun. Other recognition points of the Imperfect also apply. הטנֹ ו, ּ הֶשנעטָו, הֶעכֶָּׁו, ֵט ק נט המְֶֹק, נטהכׁנש ָּו, •ט ֵט ֶֹֻנט, ֵט ֶ( נטֻמקQal infinitive construct from a strong verb; Qal infinitive construct with a preposition from a lamed he verb; Qal infintive construct with a 3ms suffix from ׁ ;ִעכPiel infinitive construct; Niphal infinitive construct; Qal infinitive construct from Pe yod with a 3ms suffix; Hiphil infinitive construct from a pe nun) Infinitive constructs for Lamed He verbs end in ּ ָו Infinitive constructs for Pe Yod and Pe Nun verbs end in ּ © A verb is an infinitive absolute if it is used immediately before or immediately after a finite verb of the same root. Qal = ְֵֹוָט. In other patterns, standard recognition forms for the Imperfect apply. ֹוק, ְֵֶָֹטin the Qal (active and passive © A verb is a participle if it is ֵט respectively), ֵט ְֹ ִהנin the Niphal, or has a חprefix in Piel--Hithpael (other Imperfect recognition points apply). PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version http://www.fineprint.com Rules for Verb Analysis (7) © A verb is probably an imperative if an imperative is used in an English translation. Imperatives are formed by removing the ּ prefix of the Imperfect or by replacing it with a ( מother Imperfect recognition points apply). 16. Identify the root letters in the form--usually two or three will be present. Choose the third letter. See #8 above. 17. Determine the Pattern of the verb: A. If the verb (according to #15 above) is Perfect, the recognition points are the following: Qal--no prefixes, no dageshes Niphal--N prefix Piel-Pual--dagesh forte in middle letter. (Look for the ”u„ vowel in the Pual) Hiphil-- מprefix ( המ, קמ. מָו. )ךמ Hophal--ְֹמנ, (ֶָ מ, )גמ Hithpael--ּ המ B. If the verb (according to #15 above) is Imperfect, the recognition points are the following: קfor Pe Yod; ְןfor Hollow) Qal--ֹן(ןהנ Niphal--ְֶֹ(ןהNiphal triangle) Piel-Pual--ֵט ֶֹ נ ( ןNote shewa under the prefix and dagesh forte in the middle letter) Hiphil--ֹןוָ(ןֻנPe waw/yod, ְןHollow) Hophal--ֹןֶָ(ןְנfor Hollow or Pe Yod; ןגfor Pe Nun) Hithpael--ּןהנ 䀘 December 10, 2001Ralph W. Klein PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version http://www.fineprint.com