Download CC 302 Study Guide: Exam 1 Important Names, Events, Terms to

CC 302 Study Guide: Exam 1
Important Names, Events, Terms to Review
Etruria/Etruscans: modern Northern Italy, the people from Etruria
Latium: the geographical area where Rome is located
Campania: Bay of Naples
Aeneas: A veteran of the Trojan War who sailed west with other exiles eventually to Laurentum.
He encounters King Latinus and marries his daughter, Lavinia
Dido: Founder of Carthage
Ascanius: Founder of Alba Longa (12 miles SE of Rome). His mother is either Creusa, who is
Aeneas’s Trojan Wife, or Lavinia.
King Latinus: King of Laurentum, encounters Aeneas and makes an alliance with him.
Lavinia: Wife of Aeneas and daughter of Laurentum
Aemulius: Brother of Numitor and descendent of Ascanius; He exiled Numitor
Numitor: Brother of Aemulius, reappointed King after Romulus murders Aemulius.
Rhea Silvia: Daughter of Numitor, made a vestal virgin after Numitor’s exile. “raped” by mars
and mother of Romulus and Remus.
Patrician: Descendent of 100 Senators that Romulus appointed
Plebeian: Anyone else
Novus homo (“new man”): First person in family to make it to the consulship
Noble: A person who is the descendent of a former consul
Interregnum: (Between reigns) Usually describes time after Romulus’s death. 10 men rotated
rule every five days
Numa Pompilius: Citizens were irritated with the rotating rule, elected 2nd King of Rome. He was
of Sabine origins, but accepted by native Romans; very religious, enacted civil laws, and brought
peace to Rome
Tarquin the Proud: Last king of Rome, may have masterminded execution of previous king,
Servius Tullius. Reign characterized by bloodshed and violence; persecution of Roman masses.
Remembered as a tyrant.
Sextus Tarquin: Son of Tarquin the Proud. He raped Lucretia while a guest at her house
Brutus: Nephew of Tarquin the Proud. He sought revenge against Sextus and the rest of the
Tarquins. He displayed Lucretia’s bloody corpse in forum and roused hostility toward the
Tarquins. Tarquin the Proud and his sons were driven into exile in 509 B.C.
Valerius: Husband of Lucretia, Vice-Consul with Brutus
Lucretia: Raped by Sextus, then committed suicide because she was ashamed. She is an
example of female virtue.
Livius Andronicus: 1st Known Roman dramatist
Libertas (“liberty”): The antidote to tyranny
The Twelve Tables: the first written legal code in Rome established by a board of ten men
(decemvirs)
Religio: (bond, connection) strong civic associations
Do ut des (“I give so that you give”): Citizens prayed to get material things from divinities
Lares: Guardians of the house, deities that protected individual families and, at times,
communities. Placed on table during family meals. Cultivated by the male head of the house
Penates: Household deities, could be moved from house to house. Associated with Vesta,
goddess of hearth, kept in a shrin at the entrance to the house
Vestal Virgins: 6 vestal virgins, 30-year term, appointed at age 6. Dedicated to goddess Vesta,
supposed to keep Rome safe, protectedpalladium, penates, fire
Pontifex Maximus (“Chief Priest”): Head pontiff; member of one of the major groups or
“colleges” of Roman priests
Cincinnatus: Hero of patricians, model of Roman simplicity and virtue. Appointed dictator in
crisis; afterwards returned to the plow
Cursus honorum (“ladder of offices”): the prescribed series of magistracies that Roman
senators sought to hold in order to become leading public figures
Consul: full power of Kings but 1year term (Brutus)
Praetor: 2nd in command to consuls, annual magistracy with imperium, an important step in the
cursus honorum
Curule aedile: four annual magistrates in the city of Rome, two of who had to be plebian.
Oversight of temple, trade, markets, and public buildings
Quaestor: annual magistracy (with imperium) first step in cursus honorum
Censor: official list of Roman citizens; every 5 years
Senate: created by Romulus, 100 “fathers” (patres); ancestors of patricians
Regulus: captured in 255 BC by Carthaginian army (consul) remembered as patriotic hero
Hamilcar: The Carthaginian general, given permission to negotiate a peace treaty, result was
unfavorable to Carthage, forced to leave Sicily and pay large sum to Rome. His troops revolted.
Hannibal: Hamilcar’s son, He laid siege to Saguntum, provoked Romans, brave military tactics,
won battle at Cannae
Siege of Saguntum: by Hannibal, threatened Rome into action
Fabius Cunctator: “The Delayer” – skirmish tactics, hoping to wear down Hannibal, successful
but unpopular
Scipio “Africanus”: leads roman troops to North Africa, lands Utica. He defeats Hannibal
Masinissa: King of Numidia; form alliance with Rome
Publicani (“tax collectors”): private individuals who performed work for the Roman state under
contract
Prorogation: A process of extending the terms of some officials
Philip of Macedon: 1st Macedonian War (215-205) After Cannae, Philip attempted to ally with
Hannibal; Rome declared war; ended in a draw. 2nd Macedonian War (200-196) Rome intervened on
behalf of the Greeks; forced Philip to surrender his fleet and pay a large fine. 3rd Macedonian War
(171-168) Philip’s son Perseus deposed by Romans; end of Monarchy in Macedon.
Cato the Elder: Most famous senator. He said “Carthage must be destroyed.”
Imago (“death mask”): portrait (usually of wax) of a distinguished ancestor.
Topics to Review
1. Be familiar with the types of evidence we have for understanding Roman history,
especially the earliest periods (Bronze Age, Iron Age, Regal period)
Archaeological (Pottery, Tools, Tombs and Grave Goods – jewelry, cups, figurines)
Written Texts (c. 700 B.C. dialects of Greek) – inscriptions on clay, metal, or stone; literary texts,
preserved through process of copying and transmissions in manuscripts
2. Be familiar with the geographic advantages that Rome enjoyed; the 3 major regions of
coastal Italy that vied for power in the period before Rome’s emergence as the dominant
city
3 Regions: Latium, Etruria, and Campania
Geographic Advantages - Alps to the North: protective but surmountable, Surrounded by seas,
Navigable rivers from sea to interior (Tiber River), Fertile coastal plains especially on West
Coast, Harbors for trade, Straits of Messina
3. Know the changes that Italy experienced during the Iron Age; know when the city-state
first emerged in Italy and what characteristics it had
Iron Age: Development of iron-forging technology for tools and weapons (cheaper and better
technology). It increased average size of settlements. Trade with Phoenicians (modern Syria and
Lebanon); ongoing contact with Greeks (Phoenicians and Greek colonists in Southern Italy).
There was a simple social and political culture.
The City-State emerged in c. 725 B.C. It is characterized by development of more sophisticated
political, military, and social organization; emergence of social hierarchies (monarchies, kings;
oligarchies, select families); Patron/Client relationships begin to appear; Distinctions of wealth
attested in grave goods; Development of small armies; Fortifications around settlements
4. Be familiar with the details of the legend of Aeneas and the Trojans; their victory over
the native Latins; Aeneas’ relationship to Romulus
At the end of the Trojan War, Aeneas sailed west with other exiles in search of a new homeland.
Aeneas reached Laurentum, near south of Rome. He encounters King Latinus and natives. He
forms an alliance with King Latinus and he marries his daughter Lavinia. His descendent through
his son, Ascanius, is Romulus, founder of Rome.
5. Be familiar with Romulus’ role in the foundation of Rome: the circumstances of his birth
and childhood; role in restoring Numitor to throne of Alba Longa; dispute with his twin
brother Remus; role as king; how he died
Romulus and Remus were born to Rhea Silvia (raped by Mars), daughter of Numitor. She was a
vestal virgin, and Aemulius, her uncle, tried to drown them. They survived and were nursed by a
wolf. They were raised by a shepherd and wife and were known as teenage hooligans. Remus
was arrested at a festival. Romulus, to save him, murders King Aemulius and restores Numitor as
King of Alba Longa. The brothers wanted to found a new city of their own on the site where they
were left to drown. They had a disagreement over which one should be king. They turned to
augury to resolve dispute. Remus, on the Aventine hill, saw 6 vultures first; then Romulus, on
the Palatine hill, saw 12 vultures. Romulus murders Remus in the following dispute
6. Be familiar with the events that caused the Rape of the Sabine Women. What happened?
Why were the women’s fathers upset? What difficulties did this episode create for later
generations of Romans?
There were not enough women; intermarriage with other cities not possible. Plotted to kidnap
women while hosting a festival for Neptune. The women were told to make the best of it; their
parents were angry and in mourning for their lost daughters. It violated the guest – host
relationship. Rome was founded on fratricide and rape.
7. What was the Roman attitude towards monarchy? Was a monarchy ever an acceptable
form of government? What were the problems with monarchy?