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Download LS Ch. 8 Sec. 3 Notes
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Ch. 8 Sec. 3-The Characteristics of Seed Plants What is a Seed Plant? *3 main characteristics: 1. Vascular Tissue 2. Use pollen and seeds to reproduce 3. Have true body plans (roots, stem, leaves) *Like seedless plants, seed plants have sporophyte and gametophyte stages. Vascular Tissue *Most seed plants live on land so they need vascular tissue to: -Support plant -Transport food and water *There are 2 types of vascular tissue: 1. Phloem: tissue that transports food 2. Xylem: tissue that transports water and other nutrients. Pollen and Seeds *Pollen: tiny structures that contain the cells that will later become sperm cells *After sperm cells fertilize the eggs, seeds develop. *Seed: structure that contains a young plant inside a protective covering How Seeds Become New Plants **Inside a seed is a partially developed plant. **If a seed lands in an area where conditions are good, then the plant sprouts out of the seed and begins to grow. Seed Structure *A seed has 3 main parts: 1. Embryo: young plant that develops from zygote 2. Stored food: young plants use this food to help them grow before they become autotrophs 3. Seed coat: protects embryo and its food from drying out. *Seeds are surrounded by a fruit structure. Seed Dispersal *Scattering of seeds from its original location. *3 methods: 1. Dispersal by Other Organisms -Animals eat fruits, digest the seeds, and deposit them in new areas through their waste. -Barb-like structures attach themselves to animals and humans and get scattered elsewhere. 2. Dispersal by Water -Seeds get scattered around from falling into oceans or rivers. 3. Dispersal by Wind -Wind blows seeds away. Germination *Embryo begins to grow and pushes out of the seed. Step 1: seed absorbs water from environment Step 2: embryo uses stored food to grow Step 3: Roots grow first, downward Step 4: stem and leaves grow outward *When you can see a plant's leaves, its called seedling. Roots **Roots anchor a plant in the ground, absorb water and minerals from soil, and sometimes store food.** Types of Roots *2 types of root systems: 1. Fibrous Root System -consists of many regular sized roots that form a dense, tangled mass -easy to pull out the ground ex: grass, corn, onion roots 2. Taproot System -has 1 long, thick main root with small root-like branches -hard to pull out of the ground ex: carrots, dandelions, and cacti The Structure of a Root *Root cap: protects root from injury *Root hair: absorbs water and minerals; anchors plant in soil Stems *The stem carries substances between the roots and leaves *The stem provides support for the plant *The stem holds up the leaves so they are exposed to sun Stem Structure *2 types of stems: 1. Herbaceous: contain no wood and are soft ex: Coneflowers and pepper plants 2. Woody: hard and rigid ex: Maple trees and roses Annual Rings *Represent a tree's yearly growth *Made from the vascular tissue, xylem *Light, thick rings are made in the summer *Dark, thin rings are made in the winter -A pair of dark and light rings = 1 year of growth *More rain = thicker rings *Less rain = thinner rings Leaves *Leaves capture the sun's energy and carry out the food-making process of photosynthesis The Structure of the Leaf *Look at Figure 16 on page 270 The Leaf and Photosynthesis *Chloroplast cells are located near surface of leaf to gain most sunlight Controlling Water Loss *When water evaporates from a plant's leaves is called transpiration *Plants have cuticles and stomata to help control water loss