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ECOSYSTEMS Hutchinson Lehi Jr HS ECOSYSTEMS z Ecosystems – All the organisms living together z Ecology – Study of How organism interact with others & the environment z Populations – Same Species living in the same place z Community – Populations sharing the environment z Species – Group of organisms that can mate and reproduce offspring FACTORS THAT AFFECT POPLUATIONS z Food - needed for Energy z Water – Cells & Tissues moves materials around bodied z Light – Photosynthesis z Shelter – Protection z Living Space – Room to live, obtain Resources, and Reproduce. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN POPULATIONS z z Competition - Using the same limited resources Predation – One eats another species – – z Prey – Eaten by the other Predator - Eats the other Symbiosis – Close relationship between 2 species – – – – Mutualism – Both Benefit Commensalism – One Benefits / Other unaffected Parasitism – Organism feds off another species Host – Organism that the Parasites feeds off FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS z All organism need energy to live. Each group is based on HOW they get Energy. z PRODUCERS z CONSUMERS (Eats other organisms - Hetrotrophs) – – – – z (Make their own food - Autotrophs) Herbivores (Plant-eaters – Cow, Deer) Carnivores (Meat-eaters – Wolf, Eagles) Scavengers (Eat remains left behind by other organisms – Crabs & Hyenas) Omnivores (Plant & Meat eaters – Raccoons, People) DECOMPOSERS (Eat Remains or waste from other organisms - Bacteria & Fungi) ENERGY TRANSFERS Energy Decreases Biomass Decreases Number of Organism Decreases FOOD CHAINS Traces the path of energy as it moves from one organism to another. Everything starts with the SUN!! z z PRODUCERS gets the energy from the SUN PRIMARY CONSUMER (Herbivores/Omnivores) gets energy from the plants (producers) z SECONDARY CONSUMER gets the energy from the organisms it eats. z DECOMPOSER gets energy and recycles it back to the plants when organisms die or make waste products. FOOD WEBS z Food chains only show 1 energy pathway. A z B C D The food web shows the complex overlapping of food chains. FOOD WEB ENERGY CYCLES z Producers (Plants) – z Photosynthesis Consumers – Primary Consumer z – Secondary Consumer z z Herbivores / Omnivores Carnivores / Omnivores Decomposers – Fungi / Worms 3rd Consumer Wolf (Carnivores / Omnivores) 2nd Consumer Snake (Carnivores/Omnivores) Grizzly Bear Wolf Ducks Primary Consumer Rabbit (Herbivores/Omnivores) Pond Algae Producers (Algae, Plants & Trees) Fly Decomposition Grasses Fungus ENERGY TRANSFERS z SUN – Original Source of ALL Energy z PHOTOSYNTHESIS – Plant makes food from CO2 + H2O + Energy = C6H12O6 + O2 z RESPIRATION – (inhale / exhale) z DECOMPOSITION ¾ ¾ ¾ Water Cycle Nitrogen Cycle (decomposition) Carbon / Oxygen Cycle (respiration) PHOTOSYNTHESIS Producers – Trees & Plants Plants Release O2 Primary Consumers Herbivores 2ND Consumers Decomposers Sun - Energy RESPIRATION Plants take in Exhaled CO2 Waste Products & Dead Organisms DECOMPOSITION WATER CYCLE z z z z z EVAPORATION – by sun or energy CONDENSATION - Clouds STORAGE - Clouds PRECIPITATION – Rain, Hail, Ice, etc… STORAGE – – – Ice Lakes Organisms - Oceans - Ground Water - Glaciers Precipation Condensation Runoff Evaporation Water Storage CARBON & OXYGEN CYCLE z PRODUCERS (plants) release oxygen (O2) into the air. PHOTOSYNTHESIS z CONSUMERS (species) release Carbon dioxide (CO2) into the air. RESPIRATION. z DECOMPOSERS release / recycle the Carbon and Oxygen atoms. z Producers, Decomposers, & Consumers have a mutualism relationship. One could not survive without the other. NITROGEN CYCLE z z z z Nitrogen is needed to build Protiens that make up structures in living organisms. 78% of the Earth’s Atmoshere Nitrogen atoms combine with other atoms causing – Nitrogen Fixation so Plants can use nitrogen and start it in the food chain. Bacteria decompose (breaks down) Waste Products and Dead organisms to return nitrogen back into a gas form. Carbon Cycle Photo-synthesis Nitrogen Cycle SUCCESSION z SUCCESSION – Natural process when one community of species replaces another. z PIONEER SPECIES – First Organisms to area z NON-NATIVE SPECIES – New to area. Tends to crowd out others. z COLONIZE - Community reaches a STABLE point. BIOMES BIOMES are large regions having a distinct CLIMATE & SPECIFIC type of PLANT & ANIMAL life. BIOMES REGIONS z COMMON TYPES: – – – – – TUNDRA - RAIN FOREST GRASSLANDS - DECIDUOUS FOREST DESERT - MOUNTAIN SALTWATER - FRESHWATER CONIFEROUS FOREST
