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Mineral Resources and Geology 31 OCTOBER 2016 Bellwork Review for your quiz. Please turn in your FRQ to the tray. Please be silent and working at the bell. Agenda Bellwork Quiz Mineral Resources & Geology Notes Biomes Graphic Organizer Work Time (due by end of class) IP: Read Module 25: Weather & Soil Science, and the Cookie Mining Lab for Wednesday Mineral Resources and Geology SWBAT: Describe the formation of Earth and the distribution of critical elements on Earth. Define the theory of plate tectonics and discuss its relevance to the study of the environment. Describe the rock cycle and discuss its importance in environmental science. Availability of Earth’s resources was determined when Earth was formed. Earth’s history is measured using the geologic time scale. Nearly all of the elements found on Earth today are as old as the planet itself. Early Earth was a hot, molten sphere. As Earth cooled, the elements separated into layers according to their mass. Geologic Time Scale Layers of the Earth Layers of the Earth Core: innermost zone. Over 3000 km below earth’s surface. Inner core: solid Outer core: liquid Mantle: above the core. Contains molten rock (magma) that circulates in convection cells. Asthenosphere: Outer part of the mantle. Comprised of semi-molten, ductile rock. Lithosphere: Brittle, outermost layer of the planet. Approximately 100 km thick. Crust: Chemically distinct outermost layer of the lithosphere. Hot Spots Earth remains very hot at its center. Plumes of magma move upward from the mantle. Hot spots: places where molten material from the mantle reaches the lithosphere. As a plate moves over a geologic hot spot, heat from the rising mantle plume melts the crust and forms a volcano. Volcanoes are a natural source of carbon dioxide, particulates, and metals. Over time, as the plate moves past the hot spot, it can leave behind a trail of extinct volcanic islands, each with the same chemical composition. Theory of Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics: Earth’s lithosphere is composed of plates, most of which are in constant motion. Tectonic cycle: sum of the processes that build up and break down the lithosphere Earth’s Plates Plate Movement Oceanic plates lie primarily beneath the oceans. Crust is dense and rich with iron. Continental plates lie primarily beneath continents. Typically contains more silicon dioxide, which is much less dense than iron. Because of this, continental plates are typically lighter and rise above the oceanic plates. Plate Movement Tectonic plates “float” on top of the denser material beneath them. Their movements are driven by Earth’s mantle. Constant movement drives constant change Creation & renewal of Earth’s materials in some locations Sea floor spreading: where oceanic plates move apart, rising magma forms new oceanic crust Destruction & removal of Earth’s materials in other locations Where oceanic plates meet continental plates, old oceanic crust is pulled downward beneath the continental plate (subduction) Consequence of Plate Movement Because plates move, continents drift slowly over Earth’s surface. As the continents have drifted, their climates have changed and geographic barriers were formed or removed. As a result, species have adapted and evolved, or slowly or rapidly went extinct. Consequences of Plate Movement Types of Plate Contact There are three kinds of plate interactions: Divergent plate boundaries Convergent plate boundaries Transform fault boundaries Divergent Plate Boundaries Plates are moving apart at these boundaries. Sea floor spreading is a great example of divergent plates. Convergent Plate Boundaries Plates move toward one another and collide at these boundaries. If two continental plates meet, because the crust matter is of equal density, neither gets subducted and midcontinental mountains form. Transform Fault Boundaries Plates move sideways past each other. Fault: fracture in the rock across which there is movement Seismic activity: the frequency and intensity of earthquakes over time. Fault zone: large expanse of rock where a fault has occurred. Kinds of Boundaries San Andreas Fault Faults, Earthquakes, and Volcanoes Plate movements are slow but not necessarily smooth. Earthquake: sudden movement of Earth’s crust caused by the release of potential energy along a fault, causing vibration or movement at the surface. Epicenter: exact point on the surface of Earth directly above the location where the rock ruptures. Ring of Fire Rock Cycle Rock cycle: the constant formation & destruction of rock. Slowest of all of Earth’s cycles. Rock is composed of one or more minerals. Formation of Rocks and Minerals Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks form directly from magma. Classified by their chemical composition as basaltic or granitic, and by their mode of formation as extrusive or intrusive. Intrusive: form within Earth as magma rises and cools in place underground. Extrusive: form when magma cools above Earth’s surface. Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rocks form when sediments such as muds, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments. Occurs over a long period of time. Rocks can be homogenic or heterogenic in composition. Sedimentary rocks hold fossils. Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic rocks form when sedimentary rocks, igneous rocks, or other metamorphic rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures. Ex: Slate, Marble, Anthracite Metamorphic Rocks Think-Pair-Share Subduction: a. Is the reason similar fossils appear on both sides of the Atlantic. b. Is the result of a hot spot moving near a plate boundary. c. Occurs when one plate passes under another. d. Occurs when oceanic plates diverge and form volcanoes. e. Is the processes in transform boundaries that results in earthquakes. Think-Pair-Share Subduction: a. Is the reason similar fossils appear on both sides of the Atlantic. b. Is the result of a hot spot moving near a plate boundary. c. Occurs when one plate passes under another. d. Occurs when oceanic plates diverge and form volcanoes. e. Is the processes in transform boundaries that results in earthquakes. Think-Pair-Share How far will a plate travel in 60,000 years if it moves at a net rate of 25 mm/yr? 24 m 1,500 m 3,000 m 4,800 m 12,000 m Think-Pair-Share How far will a plate travel in 60,000 years if it moves at a net rate of 25 mm/yr? 24 m 1,500 m 3,000 m 4,800 m 12,000 m For Wednesday Read Module 25: Weathering & Soil Science Answer the questions at the end on a separate piece of paper. It can be a half sheet of paper, but I will be collecting them. Read the Cookie Mining Lab