Download Mineral Resources and Geology

Mineral Resources and Geology
31 OCTOBER 2016
Bellwork
 Review for your quiz.
 Please turn in your FRQ to the tray.
 Please be silent and working at the bell.
Agenda
 Bellwork
 Quiz
 Mineral Resources & Geology Notes
 Biomes Graphic Organizer Work Time (due by end of
class)
 IP: Read Module 25: Weather & Soil Science, and the
Cookie Mining Lab for Wednesday
Mineral Resources and Geology
SWBAT:
 Describe the formation of Earth and the distribution
of critical elements on Earth.
 Define the theory of plate tectonics and discuss its
relevance to the study of the environment.
 Describe the rock cycle and discuss its importance in
environmental science.
Availability of Earth’s resources was determined
when Earth was formed.
 Earth’s history is measured using the geologic time
scale.
 Nearly all of the elements found on Earth today are
as old as the planet itself.
 Early Earth was a hot, molten sphere.
 As Earth cooled, the elements separated into layers
according to their mass.
Geologic Time Scale
Layers of the Earth
Layers of the Earth
 Core: innermost zone. Over 3000 km below earth’s
surface.
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
Inner core: solid
Outer core: liquid
 Mantle: above the core. Contains molten rock
(magma) that circulates in convection cells.
 Asthenosphere: Outer part of the mantle.
Comprised of semi-molten, ductile rock.
 Lithosphere: Brittle, outermost layer of the
planet. Approximately 100 km thick.
 Crust: Chemically distinct outermost layer of the
lithosphere.
Hot Spots
 Earth remains very hot at its center.
 Plumes of magma move upward from the mantle.
 Hot spots: places where molten material from the
mantle reaches the lithosphere.
 As a plate moves over a geologic hot spot,
heat from the rising mantle plume melts the
crust and forms a volcano.
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Volcanoes are a natural source of carbon dioxide,
particulates, and metals.
Over time, as the plate moves past the hot spot, it can leave
behind a trail of extinct volcanic islands, each with the same
chemical composition.
Theory of Plate Tectonics
 Plate tectonics: Earth’s lithosphere is composed of
plates, most of which are in constant motion.
 Tectonic cycle: sum of the processes that build up
and break down the lithosphere
Earth’s Plates
Plate Movement
 Oceanic plates lie primarily beneath the oceans.
 Crust is dense and rich with iron.
 Continental plates lie primarily beneath continents.
 Typically contains more silicon dioxide, which is much less
dense than iron.
 Because of this, continental plates are typically lighter
and rise above the oceanic plates.
Plate Movement
 Tectonic plates “float” on top of the denser material
beneath them.
 Their movements are driven by Earth’s mantle.
 Constant movement drives constant change

Creation & renewal of Earth’s materials in some locations


Sea floor spreading: where oceanic plates move apart, rising
magma forms new oceanic crust
Destruction & removal of Earth’s materials in other locations

Where oceanic plates meet continental plates, old oceanic crust is
pulled downward beneath the continental plate (subduction)
Consequence of Plate Movement
 Because plates move, continents drift slowly over
Earth’s surface.
 As the continents have drifted, their climates have
changed and geographic barriers were formed or
removed.

As a result, species have adapted and evolved, or slowly or
rapidly went extinct.
Consequences of Plate Movement
Types of Plate Contact
 There are three kinds of plate interactions:
 Divergent plate boundaries
 Convergent plate boundaries
 Transform fault boundaries
Divergent Plate Boundaries
 Plates are moving apart at these boundaries.
 Sea floor spreading is a great example of divergent
plates.
Convergent Plate Boundaries
 Plates move toward one another and collide at these
boundaries.
 If two continental plates meet, because the crust
matter is of equal density, neither gets subducted
and midcontinental mountains form.
Transform Fault Boundaries
 Plates move sideways past each other.
 Fault: fracture in the rock across which there is
movement
 Seismic activity: the frequency and intensity of
earthquakes over time.
 Fault zone: large expanse of rock where a fault has
occurred.
Kinds of Boundaries
San Andreas Fault
Faults, Earthquakes, and Volcanoes
 Plate movements are slow but not necessarily
smooth.
 Earthquake: sudden movement of Earth’s crust
caused by the release of potential energy along a
fault, causing vibration or movement at the surface.
 Epicenter: exact point on the surface of Earth
directly above the location where the rock ruptures.
Ring of Fire
Rock Cycle
 Rock cycle: the constant formation & destruction of
rock.
 Slowest of all of Earth’s cycles.
 Rock is composed of one or more minerals.
Formation of Rocks and Minerals
Igneous Rocks
 Igneous rocks form directly from magma.
 Classified by their chemical composition as basaltic
or granitic, and by their mode of formation as
extrusive or intrusive.
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Intrusive: form within Earth as magma rises and cools in place
underground.
Extrusive: form when magma cools above Earth’s surface.
Igneous Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
 Sedimentary rocks form when sediments
such as muds, sands, or gravels are
compressed by overlying sediments.
 Occurs over a long period of time.
 Rocks can be homogenic or heterogenic in
composition.
 Sedimentary rocks hold fossils.
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
 Metamorphic rocks form when sedimentary
rocks, igneous rocks, or other metamorphic
rocks are subjected to high temperatures and
pressures.

Ex: Slate, Marble, Anthracite
Metamorphic Rocks
Think-Pair-Share
 Subduction:
a.
Is the reason similar fossils appear on both sides of the
Atlantic.
b.
Is the result of a hot spot moving near a plate boundary.
c.
Occurs when one plate passes under another.
d. Occurs when oceanic plates diverge and form volcanoes.
e.
Is the processes in transform boundaries that results in
earthquakes.
Think-Pair-Share
 Subduction:
a.
Is the reason similar fossils appear on both sides of the
Atlantic.
b.
Is the result of a hot spot moving near a plate boundary.
c. Occurs when one plate passes under another.
d. Occurs when oceanic plates diverge and form volcanoes.
e.
Is the processes in transform boundaries that results in
earthquakes.
Think-Pair-Share
 How far will a plate travel in 60,000 years if it moves
at a net rate of 25 mm/yr?
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
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

24 m
1,500 m
3,000 m
4,800 m
12,000 m
Think-Pair-Share
 How far will a plate travel in 60,000 years if it moves
at a net rate of 25 mm/yr?





24 m
1,500 m
3,000 m
4,800 m
12,000 m
For Wednesday
 Read Module 25: Weathering & Soil Science
 Answer the questions at the end on a separate piece of paper.
It can be a half sheet of paper, but I will be collecting them.
 Read the Cookie Mining Lab