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TIME
Time began with creation. With God there is no time. He is eternal.
God made time for man. And the evening and the morning were the first
(second, third, etc.) day.
Time is determined by the sun and the moon. In early days it was
measured by sundials. Today it is measured by clocks of many
different kinds.
Time is measured by seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months,
years, and centuries.
Clocks and watches are used to measure minutes and hours.
Calendars are used to measure days, months and years.
Day and night
A day (evening and morning) is 24 hours.
Morning is from 12:00 a.m. to 11:59 a.m. (or noon)
Afternoon, evening and night are from 12:00 p.m. (noon) to 11:59 p.m.
(midnight).
A day is from sunrise to sunset. A night is from sunset to sunrise. In
most areas of America they use daylight savings time in the late spring
and summer months and move the clocks ahead one hour.
The days of the week are: Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,
Thursday, Friday, and Saturday.
The months of the year are: January, February, March, April, May,
June, July, August, September, October, November, and December.
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A REFERENCE GUIDE
for learning English
English words include:
NOUNS, Pronouns
VERBS
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions, Conjunctions, Interjections, Articles
Nouns represent people, places and things.
Pronouns take the place of nouns.
Proper nouns give specific names : Mary Brown, France
Common nouns are general terms : man, box, tree, country
Collective nouns name groups: crew, staff, team
Nouns can be: persons: mother, soldier, Joe, African; children
animals: dog, lion, pig; places: home, town, forest, sea, continent
objects: chair, door, computer; substances: air, water, clay, food;
qualities: kindness, heroism, beauty, faith; actions: reading, sleeping,
listening; measures: inch, month, day, meter, pound
Nouns and pronouns can be singular or plural: ball, balls,
man, men; he, they; I, we; house, houses; child, children
Verbs can become nouns by adding –ing: singing, reading
Adjectives tell something about nouns and pronouns.
pretty dress; hard word; cold day
Verbs express action, condition, or a state of being.
Linking (helping) verbs assist other verbs: has come, did write
Adverbs tell something about the verb: run quickly;
speak clearly. They also modify adjectives or another
adverb: very dark; quite slowly
Prepositions show relationships between words in a sentence.
The man in the car. The book with the yellow cover.
Conjunctions connect words and phrases: you and me.
Interjections stand alone. Wow! Great!
Putting words together
(syntax, grammar)
A sentence is the basic unit of thought in the English language.
Every sentence has a subject (noun, pronoun, or noun phrase) and a
predicate (verb or verb phrase) which expresses the action or state of
being.
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Inverted sentences are sentences that are not in normal order (subjectverb). They are turned around. Inverted sentences may begin with a
phrase or clause, or the subject may follow the verb.
How we measure
We measure things by size, weight, and volume.
We use rulers to calculate size by inches, feet, yards and miles (also by
milimeters, centimeters, meters, and kilometers.)
We use scales to measure weight in ounces, pounds, and tons.
We measure volume by spoons, cups, pints, quarts, gallons and different
sizes of containers.
Electricity is measured by watts and voltage.
We measure quality by tests and standards.
failing, poor, fair, average, above average, superior, excellent
God measures us by the standard of His Word.
We also measure by comparisons:
positive
comparative
superlative
good
better
best
tall
taller than
the tallest
hot
hotter
the hottest
big
bigger
the biggest
neat
neater
the neatest
sharp
sharper
the sharpest
dark
darker
the darkest
keen
keener
the keenest
smart
smarter
the smartest
long
longer
the longest
short
shorter
the shortest
Adjectives of two or more syllables are usually compared by prefixing the
words more and most, or less and least..
famous
more famous than
the most famous
beautiful
more beautiful than
the most beautiful
costly
less costly than
the least costly
difficult
less difficult than
the least difficult
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Articles: a, an (indefinite); the (definite)
Adjectives usually come before the noun or pronoun.
The subject does the action of the verb (stated or implied).
The predicate acts out the subject.
Descriptive adjectives tell more about the person, place or thing: what
kind, color, size, shape, etc.
Limiting adjectives tell how many, how much, which one, where, etc.
Predicate adjectives come after the linking verbs: is, become, seem,
grow, turn, prove, look, feel, sound, smell, taste, appear, remain, keep,
and stay. The sound was loud. She feels sick.
Proper adjectives use proper names (French, American, and African)
I am an American.
Phrases are groups of words without a subject and a verb.
Nouns and possessive nouns can be used as adjectives.
Adverbs
Adverbs modify verbs (adjectives and adverbs)
They tell when, where, how, in what manner or to what extent or
degree. They are words of time, place, manner or degree.
now, then, sometimes, always, never, recently, here, there, everywhere,
anywhere, far, deep, quickly, slowly, gracefully, peacefully, happily,
diligently
Kinds of sentences:
A declarative sentence makes a statement.
A declarative sentence may be written in normal order (subject-verb),
or the subject may appear in other places for emphasis, variety, or
clearness. We are learning English.
Prepositional phrases are groups of words that begin with a
preposition and end with a noun (object) of the preposition. They act as
adjectives or adverbs, occasionally as nouns
in the car; with the children; beside the tall mango tree
Verbal phrases are groups of words that act as a noun, adjective, or
adverb. They look like a verb but do not act like a verb. Three kinds of
verbals are: Gerunds which always end in –ing and act as a noun (Reading is
difficult). Infinitives which are verb forms that begin with to. Infinitives can
act as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. (To learn is rewarding. I must study to
learn.) Participles are the –---ing and -ed form of the verb without its helper
(have). Participle Phrases act as adjectives, usually describing the subject. He
pastors a growing church. I ate a dried peanut.
Clauses are groups of words that have a subject and a verb. Clauses can
act as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
Independent Clauses can stand alone as a sentence.
Dependent Clauses (subordinate clauses) can not stand alone. They
need an independent clause to complete their meaning.
Fragments are incomplete groups of words without meaning.
Vowel sounds
a, e, i, o, u, y
Aa
(open mouth
low in throat)
(partly closed
high in throat)
(through roof
of mouth)
An interrogative sentence asks a question and is usually in inverted
order. What are you doing? Who was that?
all
ate
An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. Its
subject is seldom expressed. The subject is understood.
Go back home. Get up. Be quiet please.
ball
call
at
ask
bat
cat
An exclamatory sentence expresses strong feeling or sudden emotion
and is seldom in normal order. Woe unto us! What a sad event.
fall,
far,
father
fat
famine
bait, base, bail, basic
date
fate
3
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gall
hall
jar
gnat
gate, gave, gait
hat
hate, hale, hail
jack
jade, jail
kangaroo
lard
land
late
mall
mat
mate, male, mail
pat
plate, pale, pail
plan
rah
rat
rate, radio, raise, rake
ram
rabbi
race. raid, rail, rain
rabbit
rack, rag
small
sat
state. [said]
tall
that
tail, take
vault
vat, vacum
vale, vail, vain
vaunt
vaccination vacant, vacation
value, valve vapor, vary
vascular, vaste
water
waste, waist, wait,
want
zap
Oo
(rounded lips
from throat)
(lips open
top of throat)
(lips together
top of throat)
bow, boat, bone
cold
door
fold, float
go
ho, hold
joe, join
lo, load
motor
no
porridge
quote
box,
cot
dot
for, forth
got
hot
jot
lot, long
mop
not
pot
boo, boot, booth
coo
do
food, fool
good
hood
loon
mood, moon
noon
poor
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Commonly used prepositions:
above
at
by
about
before
down
across
behind
during
after
below
except
against
beneath
for
along
beside
from
among
between
in
around
beyond
inside
into
like
near
of
off
on
since
to
toward
through
under
until
up
upon
with
within
Conjunctions join words or groups of words. And, but, or – connect
words or groups of words of equal rank.
Interjections stand alone and express strong feeling or emotion. Hey!
Stop! Alas. Amazing! Awesome.
Commonly used auxiliary verbs
am
have
do
is
has
did
are
had
does
was
have been
may
were
had been
can
will be
has been
might
shall be
shall
could
could be
will
would
should
must
should have
would have
must have
should have been
could have been
must have been
Adjectives
Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns.
tall, long/short; deep/shallow; wide/narrow; good/bad; rainy/sunny;
wet/dry; beautiful/ugly; rapid, fast, quick/slow; accurate/inaccurate;
worthy/unworthy; old/new;
essential/non-essential; necessary/unnecessary;
intelligent/stupid; difficult/easy; juicy/dry; steep/flat
numbers: one, two three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven,
twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen,
twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety, one hunded.
First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh ....
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spring
steal
swear
swim
take
teach
tear
tell
think
throw
try
understand
wake
wear
weave
weep
wind
wring
write
sprang, sprung
stole
swore
swam
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
tried
understood
waked, woke
wore
wove
wept
wound
wrung
wrote
sprung
stolen
sworn
swung
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
tried
understood
waked
worn
woven
wept
wound
wrung
written
Prepositions and conjunctions
Prepositions show relationships between words in a sentence.
Prepositions always have a noun as an object. The preposition and its
object are called a prepositional phrase.
Subordinating conjunctions:
after, although, as, because, before, if, once, since, than, that, though,
unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, while
Phrases that function as suborinating conjunctions:
as if; as though, as long as; as soon as; even though; in order that; so
that
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rote
so
toe. throat
rot
sought
tot
tooth
root
soon, shoot
too, to, two, toot, tool,
vote
woe
who, wood, would
lips slightly open
won
one
honey
Ii
low in throat
upper throat
through mouth
bite
die
fire, fine,
fight, fright, flight
hi, high
kite
lie, line, lime, light,
mine, might
pie, pine
quite
right, rice
sight, sigh
tie, time, tight
vine
white
bit, bid, bill
did
fit, fish, fill
bird
Uu
but, bunny, bun
cut
dumb
fun, funny
gun
hit, hill
kit, kid, knit, kill
lit, lid, til
mitt, mill
pit, pill
quit
ring
sit, sin, simple, sink, sil
tin, tit,
vintage
wit, win, wish, will
Yy
by
cry
dry
fry, fry
cute
dune
flute, fume,
5
buy
hut, hunt
nut
pun
rut
sun, sunny
tunnel
v, w, x, y, z
lute
lye
my
nye
pry
rye
sty, spy, sky
try, tye
puny
tune
ou
you, youth
Ee
low in throat
be, bee, beet, beat
create, cheer, cheat, cheap
deed, deer
fee, feet, feat, fear, female,
feed, free, flea
greet, greed
he, heat, heed
key, knee
leak, leek,
me, meet, meat
neat
pea, peanut, plea
reed, read
see, seek, sea, seat, seed, sheet
tea, tee, tree, three
we, week, weak
bed, bell
cell, cent, century
dell,
fell, fed
gel
hell
knel
led, lent
met, meant,
net
pet
red
set, shell
tell, temple
wet
ye, year
yet, yell, vegetable
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drink
drive
drown
eat
fall
flow
fly
forget
freeze
get
give
go
hang (a picture)
hang (a criminal)
know
lay (to place, to put0
lead
leave
let
lie (to recline)
lie (tell a falsehood)
lose
prove
ride
ring
rise
run
say
see
send
set
shake
shine (give light)
shine (polish)
show
shrink
sing
sink
sit
drank
drove
drowned
ate
fell
flowed
flew
forgot
froze
got
gave
went
hung
hanged
knew
laid
led
left
let
lay (not laid)
lied
lost
proved
rode
rang
rose
ran
said
saw
sent
set
shook
shone
shined
showed
shrank
sang
sank
sat
drunk
driven
drowned
eaten
fallen
flowed
flown
forgotten, forgot
frozen
got, gotten
given
gone
hung
hanged
known
laid
led
left
let
lain (not laid)
lied
lost
proved
ridden
rung
risen (not rose)
run
said
seen
sent
set
shaken
shone
shined
shown, showed
shrunk
sung
sunk
sat
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buy-bought; catch-caught; fight-fought; teach-taught; think-thought; feed-fed;
flee-fled; find-found; grind-ground
(three forms) begin-began-begun; ring-rang-rung; sing-sang-sung;
spring-sprang-sprung; do-did-done; go-went-gone; am-was-been; is-was-been;
drink-drank-drunk; shrink-shrank-shrunk; sink-sank-sunk; stink-stank-stunk;
blow-blew-blown; draw, drew, drawn; grow, grew, grown; know, knew,
known; throw, threw, thron; fly, flew, flown; drive, drove, driven; strive,
strove, striven.
(more than three parts) choose, chose, chosen; rise, rose, risen; break,
broke, broken; speak, spoke, spoken; fall, fell, fallen; shake, shook, shaken;
take, took, taken; forget, forgot, forgotten; get, got, gotten; give, gave, given;
forgive, forgave, forgiven; forsake, forsook, forsaken; hide, hid, hidden; ride,
rode, ridden; write, wrote, written; come, came, come; overcome, overcame,
overcome; run, ran, run; freeze, froze, frozen; steal, stole, stolen.
present tense
(present time)
awake
be (am)
beat
become
begin
bid (offer to buy)
bid (command)
blow
break
bring
broadcast
burst
catch
choose
climb
come
cut
dive
do
drag
draw
past tense
(past time)
awake, awoke
was, were
beat
became
began
bid
bade
blew
broke
brought
broadcast,
broadcasted
burst
caught
chose
climbed
came
cut
dived
did
dragged
drew
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past participle
(used with have, has, had)
awaked, awoke
been
beaten
become
begun
bid
bidden, bid
blown
broken
brought
broadcast,
broadcasted
burst
caught
chosen
climbed
come
cut
dived
done
dragged
drawn
VERBS
Verbs are identified by their infinitive form: to be, to make, to read, to hear, to
have
Verb tenses are forms of a verb that indicate when the action occurs or
occurred.
The subjunctive mood is the form of a verb used to indicate a condition
contrary to fact.
The principal verb forms or tenses are:
Present: present progressive, perfect, perfect progressive
Past: past progressive, perfect, perfect progressive
Future: future progressive, perfect, perfect progressive
The present tense expresses what happens now or routinely.
The present progressive shows a continuing action that is happening
now. It uses -ing with the auxiliary or helping verb to be.
Example: I am eating. He is reading. You are playing.
We are studying. They are sleeping.
The present perfect shows an action completed in the past. It uses the
helping verb to have and the past form of the verb.
Example: I have eaten. He has read. You have played.
We have studied. They have slept.
The present perfect progressive shows action that began in the past
and is continuing in the present. It uses the helping verb to have and the past
participle of to be with the –ing form of the verb.
Example: I have been eating. He has been reading. You have been
playing. We have been studying. They have been sleeping.
The past tense expresses an action that happened in the past and uses the past
form of the verb. I ate. He read. We studied. They slept.
The past progressive tense indicates a continuing action in the past. It
uses the past tense of the helping verb to be and the progressive form of the
verb. Example: I was eating. He was reading. You were playing. We were
studying. They were sleeping.
The past perfect shows action completed in the past or completed
before some other past action. It uses the past tense of the helping verb to
have with the past participle form of the verb.
I had eaten. He had read. You had played. They had slept.
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The past perfect progressive tense shows continuing action that
began in the past. It uses the past tense of the helping verbs to have and to be
with the progressive form of the verb. Example: I had been eating. He had been
reading. You had been playing. They had been sleeping.
The future tense shows action that has yet to happen. It is formed with the
helping. verb to will:
I will (shall) read.
We will (shall) sleep.
You will study.
You will come.
He (she, it) will eat.
They will stop.
The future progressive tense shows continuing action in the future. It uses
the helping verbs to will and to be with the progressive –ing form of the verb.
I will be eating.
We will be sleeping.
You will be studying. You will be coming.
He will be reading.
They will be stopping.
The future perfect shows actions that will be completed at a certain
time in the future. It uses the helping verbs to will and to have with the past
participle form of the verb.
I will have read.
We will have slept.
You will have studied
You will have come.
He, she, it will have eaten
They will have stopped.
The future perfect progressive shows continuing actions that will be
completed at a certain time in the future. It uses the helping verb to will, the
past tense of the helping verb to have, the verb to be and the progressive –ing
form of the verb.
I will have been eating.
We will have been sleeping.
You will have been studying.
You will have been coming.
He will have been reading.
They will have been stopping.
The subjunctive mood is used to express conditions. It is formed by using the
infinitive (without –to) and the verb to be.
present: If I am ..., If you are ...
past: If I was rich I would ...; If you were rich you would ..., etc.
If I were rich I would ..... If it works out I will ....;
present perfect: If I have been ....; If you have been, If he has been...
Verbs can be active or passive.
With active verbs the subject does the action.
The students washed the dishes.
With passive verbs the subject receives the action.
The dishes were washed by the students
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Verbs can be regular or irregular.
Regular verbs follow these rules:
Rule 1: Use the infinive except after he, she, it where s is added
I make, you make, he (she, it) makes, we make, you make, they make
Rule 2: For verbs ending ending in y, the, y is often changed to -ie
before adding –s in the first person singular.
examples: I study- he studies, we try- she tries; you cry-he cries; they
fly- it flies, but not always, example: I buy; he buys
There are many irregular verbs in English. See the chart to help you.
Verb: to be
(irregular)
Verb: to do
(irregular)
I am
we are
I do
we do
you are
you are
you do
you do
he, she, it is
they are
he, she, it does they
do
rule: When a verb ends with a vowel and a consonant the last consonant is
doubled before adding ing or ed. ex: net, netting, netted
rule: Regular verbs ending with a consonant and y add ing for the progressive
form, but the y is changed to i before adding the –ed for the past tenses. cry,
crying, cried; try trying, tried
Some verbs have only one form and change only when ing is added to form
the present participle: bet, bid, burst, cost, cut, hit, hurt, put, quit, read, set,
shut, spread, upset. Example: Today I bid on the car. Yesterday I bid on the
car. Today it costs a lot. Yesterday it cost less. Today I hit the ball.
Yesterday I hit the ball.
The ed is not always heard, so is often eliminated: asked, risked, supposed,
used
irregular verbs
bite, bit, bit; dig, dug, dug; bleed, bled, bled; hear, heard, heard; hold,
held; light lit; meet, met; pay, paid; say-said; sell, sold; tell, told; shine,
shone; shoot, shot; sit, sat; spin, spun; spit, spat; win, won; swear, swore;
tear, tore; wear, wore.
(two identical parts) creep-crept; deal-dealt; keep-kept; kneel-knelt; leave-left;
mean-meant; send-sent; sleep-slept; spend-spent; sweep-swept; bring-brought;
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