Download Chapter 7 Overview Handout for Students

America: The Last Best Hope, Volume IIE, Chapter 7—Leading the Grand Alliance 1941-1943
Chapter Overview Handout for Students
Key Historical Points
1.
FDR moved the nation closer to war in 1941 with his call for a world based on the "Four Freedoms" and by his introduction
of Lend-Lease as a way to support the embattled British.
2. Germany turned on the Soviet Union in June of 1941 with Operation Barbarossa. As the German army rolled across East
Europe and Russia, the devastation of the Holocaust began in earnest.
3. In August of 1941, the FDR and Churchill met and developed mutual goals for the war as laid forth in the Atlantic Charter.
4. By the fall of 1941, the U.S. was involved in an undeclared war with Germany in the Atlantic.
5. Tension with Japan over Japan's aggression in China and Indochina led to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December
7, 1941.
6. The U.S. initially suffered defeats in the Pacific, especially the loss of the Philippines to the Japanese in 1942.
7. Anger at Japan helped lead to the internment of 120,000 Japanese-Americans during the war.
8. The war had a transformative impact on society, especially in the case of women and African-Americans.
9. Total war meant that people of all ages and all walks of life were impacted by the war or participated in some aspect of
mobilization.
10. The Allies began their campaign to defeat the Axis powers in Europe with an attack on North Africa and then Sicily and
Italy.
11. By late 1942, the Allies were beginning to turn back the Axis powers on multiple fronts.
Timeline of Key Events
1941 Franklin Roosevelt begins third term; Lend Lease appropriates $7 billion dollars in aid for Great Britain; Germany invades
the Soviet Union; Japanese attack Pearl Harbor
1942 The "Final Solution" is planned at the Wannsee Conference in Germany; Roosevelt plans a "Germany First" campaign in
World War II; The Philippines are surrendered; Bataan Death March; Battle of Midway; Assassination of Reinhard Heidrick in
Czechoslovakia
1943 Casablanca Conference; Battle of Stalingrad; Warsaw Ghetto uprising; Patton takes Sicily; Meeting of the "Big Three” at
Teheran
Historical Questions
1.
2.
3.
What were the goals set forth by the Atlantic Charter in 1941 and how did they compare to the Fourteen Points of
Woodrow Wilson in 1917?
Isolationists argued that passing Lend-Lease would lead the U.S. into war. In what ways were they right?
Explain the reasons and rationale behind the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December of 1941 and their beliefs about
what would follow that attack.
Key People
A. Philip Randolph
Adolf Hitler
Benito Mussolini
Benjamin O. Davis
Bernard Law Montgomery
Chester Nimitz
Cordell Hull
Douglas MacArthur
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Charles de Gaulle
Franklin Roosevelt
Harry Hopkins
Henry J. Kaiser
Irving Berlin
Isoroku
Yamamoto
John L. Lewis
Joseph P. Kennedy
Marshall Pétain
Erwin Rommel
Norman Rockwell
Robert Taft
William Allen White
Winston Churchill
Key Events
Battle of Midway
Battle of Stalingrad
Battle of the Coral Sea
Destruction of Lidice, Czechoslovakia
Bataan Death March
Battle for the Atlantic
Battle of El Alamein
Battle of Guadalcanal
Historical Terms and Places
Gestapo
"Four Freedoms"
"Bundles for Britain"
Operation Barbarossa
Stalin's Gulag
Untermenschen
Schutzstaffeln (SS)
Final Solution
Wannsee Conference
Holocaust
Third Reich
Auschwitz
British Commonwealth
"United Nations"
Axis Powers
Nisei and Sansei
100th Battalion
Fifth Columnist
Afrika Corps
No. 10 Downing Street
Conscientious objector
Tinseltown
Rosie the Riveter
Liberty ships
Zeroes
Wolfpacks
SONAR
Doolittle’s raid on Tokyo
North Platte Canteen
“Rape of Nanking”
USS Panay incident
OSS
Operation Torch
Vichy France
Free French
Unconditional Surrender
Lebensborn program
"General Winter"
"Soft Underbelly" of Europe
MAGIC
Laws and Legislation
Washington Naval Conference of 1922 this treaty signed by the major powers of the world limited national navies to a
proportional formula representing hundreds of thousands of tons of shipping
Atlantic Charter FDR worked with Churchill to draw up a statement of war aims; stated that neither nation sought territorial
gains and that the goals of the war would be self-determination for all peoples, free trade, and freedom of the seas.
Geneva Convention (1929) international agreement set forth guidelines for the humane treatment of prisoners of war
Lend-Lease through the act, the U.S. provided billions of dollars of war support for the British and later the French, Russians,
and Chinese
Executive Order 9066 this order from President Roosevelt in February of 1942 set forth the process whereby 120,000
Japanese-Americans were imprisoned in internment camps
Fair Employment Practices Commission FDR issued the order that stated that defense industries receiving government
contracts could not discriminate in hiring on the basis of "race, creed, color, or national origin”
Korematsu v. United States Supreme Court decision sided with the government on the question of whether the internment of
Japanese Americans was constitutional
Five Themes of Geography
Location Nanking, Tokyo, Pearl Harbor, Corregidor, Bataan peninsula, Moscow, Leningrad, Stalingrad, Newfoundland, Auschwitz,
Midway Island, El Alamein, Casablanca, Guadalcanal
Place Japan, China, Hawaii, Philippines, Hong Kong, Coral Sea, Italy, Sicily, Egypt
Human/Environment Interaction Sunken ships as artificial reefs
Movement Jews transported to Poland as part of the “Final Solution,” Doolittle’s raid, Atlantic shipping lanes, Movement of
armies (Operation Torch, Operation Huskey)
Region Extent of Japanese control of Pacific in 1942, the British Empire in 1939, areas of Japanese population concentration in
the US, North Africa
Key Economic Points
1.
2.
3.
4.
Unemployment was almost non-existent as men were drafted and industry produced massive amounts of war materials for
the Allied cause
Women found new opportunities in war industries and taking jobs left open by men serving overseas
Africa-Americans experienced discrimination as they worked in war industries, thereby leading to FDR’s creation of Fair
Employment Practices Commission
America’s industry, which had formally produced consumer goods, was transformed into war production
5.
American industry easily out produced the Axis Powers in terms of tanks, planes, ships, ammunition, and other war
materials; this was a key component of the Allied victory