Download short-term memory

Memory/Cognition
1. Describe and differentiate psychological and physiological systems
of memory (e .g ., short-term memory, procedural memory)
2. Compare and contrast various cognitive processes:
— effortful versus automatic processing;
— deep versus shallow processing;
— focused versus divided attention
3. Outline the principles that underlie effective encoding, storage, and
construction of memories
4. Describe strategies for memory improvement
5. Identify key contributors in cognitive psychology (e .g ., Noam
Chomsky, Hermann Ebbinghaus, Wolfgang Köhler, Elizabeth Loftus,
George A . Miller)
Stages of Memory
What is the purpose
of memory???
Stages of Memory
Memory is more of an active
system receiving, storing,
organizing, altering, and
recovering information
Stages of Memory
Encoded
Incoming information is
changed into a usable form
Retrieved
Memories/information must
be taken out of storage
Stored
Information is held in the
system
Sensory Memory
It is in our sensory memory
that we have icons and
echos.
Sensory Memory holds an
exact copy of what is seen
or heard, for only a few
seconds or less
Sensory Memory
Color of bicycles?
Sensory Memory
How many people wearing
sunglasses?
Sensory Memory
How many people wearing a
hat?
Sensory Memory
Color of shirt of 3rd person in
row?
Short-term Memory
If information is able to make
it through sensory memory, it
gets passed on to short-term
memory
Our short-term memory
(stm) holds small amounts of
information for relatively
brief periods of time
What were some of the items on
the grocery list from a few minutes
ago?
Which items were crossed off?
Short-term Memory
Not everything that we see or
hear going on around us is
recorded in our short term
memory.
Why?
What type of things are in our
short term memory??
Focusing on only a selected
portion of sensory input
Something called selective
attention controls what
information actually makes it
to STM.
Short-term Memory
How are they stored?
Can be stored as:
images
phonetically
STM is where we do the majority
of our thinking, and is also the
stopping point that allows to not
become overburdened by useless
garbage.
10 word test
Long-term Memory
Third memory system acts as
a lasting storehouse for
information that is
meaningful
LTM contains everything you know
about the world.
Does it ever fill up?
Adv. Psych
Psychological vs. physiological aspects of memory
How do our brains make memories?
Physiological= What happens biologically
to create a memory?
Hippocampus- part of limbic system that
plays an important role in consolidating
information from short term to long-term
Also is responsible for attaching senses
and emotions with the memory itself
Adv. Psych
Psychological vs. physiological aspects of memory
How do our brains make memories?
Physiological= What happens biologically
to create a memory?
Recording a memory requires the adjustment
of the connections between neurons.
Each memory tweaks a tiny sections of the
neurons in the brain, changing the way in
which they communicate.
2:20
Short term
vs.
Long term
Quick/simple chemical
changes
Built into brain’s synapses
Who found all of this?
With a partner, I would like for you to please research the following cognitive
psychologists.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Atkinson and Shiffrin
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Elizabeth Loftus
George A. Miller
For each psychologists please make sure you find
their beliefs as well as contributions.
When you are finished, you will be completing a
paragraph reflection.
Who found all of this?
With a partner, I would like for you to please research the following cognitive
psychologists.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Atkinson and Shiffrin
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Elizabeth Loftus
George A. Miller
For each psychologists please make sure you find
their beliefs as well as contributions.
When you are finished, you will be completing a
paragraph reflection.
Provide an analysis of which psychologists you feel
contributed the most to the field of cognitive
psychology/memory.
Memory/Cognition
1. Describe and differentiate psychological and physiological systems
of memory (e .g ., short-term memory, procedural memory)
2. Compare and contrast various cognitive processes:
— effortful versus automatic processing;
— deep versus shallow processing;
— focused versus divided attention
3. Outline the principles that underlie effective encoding, storage, and
construction of memories
4. Describe strategies for memory improvement
5. Identify key contributors in cognitive psychology (e .g ., Noam
Chomsky, Hermann Ebbinghaus, Wolfgang Köhler, Elizabeth Loftus,
George A . Miller)
Encoding
Encoding is a biological event
Senses
Perception
Thalamus and frontal lobe.
Many neurons firing
Attention
Decoding
The sensory areas of the cortex decode the
sensations, and combine the information with
the hippocampus
Leads to storage in different parts of
the brain
Encoding
Four main types
Acoustic Encoding
Encoding of sound,
words, and any
other noise
Tactile Encoding
Encoding of how
something feels
(usually in
somatosensory
cortex)
Visual Encoding
Encodes images and visual sensory
information
Semantic Encoding
Encoding of sensory
input that has a
particular meaning
or association
Storage
Passive event of retaining
information
These neurons are ready to fire
together when they come across a
similar experience
Memories are
stored throughout
the cortex in groups
of neurons
It is said that more
than one copy is
often stored
There is a scatter effect to
where memories are
stored
Why?
Retrieval
Re-Accessing of information
The brain replays a
pattern of neural
activity
With a slight twist (otherwise there
would be no difference between
the bona fide experience)
We add in an awareness
Remembering = Creative Re-imagination
Recall and Recognition
Association of an event with a previous
experience
Remembering an event that is not present
Recall
Three main types
Free Recall
Recall is in any order
Serial Recall
Recall in a certain
order
Cued Encoding
Cues are given when recalling
Improving Memory
Improving Memory
Knowledge of Results
We often find that we are
able to move on with our
learning best when the
feedback allows us to check
progress.
Can help us identify areas
that need extra practice or
help, and the simple fact of
knowing is rewarding.
Improving Memory
Recitation
Recitation refers to
summarizing aloud when
you are reading
This forces you to practice
retrieving the information.
By stopping frequently and
trying to remember by
restating the information
80/20
Improving Memory
Rehearsal
The more you rehearse or
mentally review, the better
your memory of the content
Both maintenance and
elaborative rehearsal are
good.
Must make links between
the facts.
Improving Memory
Selection
Break down information into
one or two important pieces
of information.
NASHVILLE — Each in his own way, big
men Anthony Davis of Kentucky and Festus
Ezeli of Vanderbilt give Saturday's game a
distinctive quality.
Davis, who is on the way to rewriting UK
and Southeastern Conference records for
blocks, has become a full-blown
phenomenon.
Has been shown that most
students mark/highlight
their text too much, rather
than too little.
"I don't know that I've ever seen anything
like him," Vandy Coach Kevin Stallings said
Thursday. "... Davis changes the game
around the goal. He makes you think about
(chuckles) other options because trying to
take it in front of him is not a very
intelligent option most of the time."
Improving Memory
Selection
Break down information into
one or two important pieces
of information.
NASHVILLE — Each in his own way, big
men Anthony Davis of Kentucky and Festus
Ezeli of Vanderbilt give Saturday's game a
distinctive quality.
Davis, who is on the way to rewriting UK
and Southeastern Conference records for
blocks, has become a full-blown
phenomenon.
Has been shown that most
students mark/highlight
their text too much, rather
than too little.
"I don't know that I've ever seen anything
like him," Vandy Coach Kevin Stallings said
Thursday. "... Davis changes the game
around the goal. He makes you think about
(chuckles) other options because trying to
take it in front of him is not a very
intelligent option most of the time."
Improving Memory
Organization
Simple reordering of a list
makes it much easier to
learn.
North, man, red, spring,
woman, east, autumn,
yellow, summer, boy, blue,
west, winter, girl, green,
south
North, east, south, west,
spring, summer, autumn,
winter, red, yellow, green,
blue, man, woman, boy, girl
Improving Memory
Whole vs. Part
Which is better for memory?
Whole learning- attempting
to learn the whole package
of information
Part Learning-subparts of
larger pieces of information
are studied individually
Improving Memory
Pinball
Planted
Plastic
Problem
Ringing
Shifted
Sinking
Sunfish
Trusted
Twisted
Nothing
Contest
Dentist
Disrupt
Himself
Jumping
lending
Serial Position
Improving Memory
Pinball
Planted
Plastic
Problem
Ringing
Shifted
Sinking
Sunfish
Trusted
Twisted
Nothing
Contest
Dentist
Disrupt
Himself
Jumping
lending
Serial Position
Be careful to pay attention to
the middle of the lists/or
information
Improving Memory
Sleep
Sleeping after studying decreases interference
When sleeping isn’t possible,
take many study breaks.
Improving Memory
Hunger
People who are hungry almost always score
lower on memory tests.
Always eat a good breakfast
before school.
Experiment creation
You have the remainder of the block to gather
everything you will need to perform your
experiment.