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Art + Ideas Rome Art + Ideas Copyright © 2010-2014 by Oakland Sc Copyright © 2010-2014 by Oakland Schools © 2010-2014 by Oakland Schools Art + Ideas 2 Architectural styles: Columns and Arches The Romans were very famous for their architectural accomplishments... the way they designed and constructed buildings and other large structures. Their forms and creations are still being copied today! Their most famous designs really depended upon a couple of important architectural developments: the arch and the column. Directly below is the Roman Colosseum. Note the arches throughout the whole structure. This structure is not possible without the arch! If you look, you can also see that columns have been placed at the edge of each arch. You will read about both of these important design elements. An arch is a constructed curve that was most often made of stone, brick, or concrete in Roman times. Arches were built to add strength and support to structures so that they could hold more weight. Copyright © 2010-2014 by Oakland Schools Arches were usually built from blocks that were wedge shaped, with the last block being placed at the very top of the arch (see the diagram below). Although the Romans were known for their arches, they did not invent the arch. Arches were used in Egypt, Greece, and other places long before the Romans came along. However, the Romans took the arch in new directions, making them bigger, stronger, and more impressive. The Romans combined another development, concrete, with the arch and created amazing structures! The Romans combined series of arches to make domes. Many famous modern monuments, like the Jefferson and Lincoln memorials in Washington D.C., and even the U.S. capitol, use Roman style designs that depend upon the arch. Structures like the aqueducts built by the Romans (see the picture on the bottom left) are still standing today. These amazing creations could hold massive amounts of weight, and have clearly withstood the test of time! Note that the whole structure consists of series of arches of different sizes. With that many arches, these aqueducts were super strong! Art + Ideas 3 Architectural styles: Columns and Arches Another important architectural development that the Romans used was the column. Look at the picture of the Roman Pantheon on the bottom left. Note the columns that support the roof and also add style and power to this building. Just like the arch, the Romans did not invent the column. The Greeks had developed three types of columns, pictured below, and the Romans borrowed this idea and went bigger and bolder again. Columns are vertical (straight up and down) structures that are designed to support large amounts of weight. Columns transmit the pressure from something heavy, like a concrete roof above, down through the column to the floor or other base layer. With columns, buildings Copyright © 2010-2014 by Oakland Schools could be larger, have more floors, and also look a lot cooler! The Romans used columns to create amazing buildings and structures, from temples to bridges to the aqueducts. Their particular designs are still imitated today in our own museums, memorials, government buildings, and many other structures. Many modern mansions try to imitate the architectural styles of Rome. Below on the right is a picture of the United States Capitol, where the United States Congress meets to make laws. Look for examples of both arches columns in this structure. Again, the Romans did not invent arches and columns, but by combining them with new innovations like concrete, they were able to use arches and columns to create an architectural style we still value today. Their buildings and other structures were large, impressive, and long lasting, and they provide us with a strong connection to the past. Art + Ideas 4 Roman Literature, History & Drama From: historyforkids.org ROMAN LITERATURE HISTORY The Roman Empire lasted for more than a thousand years, Livy was a Roman historian who was born in northern Italy so there was plenty of time to produce a lot of writing. about 59 BC, in the Late Republic, when Julius Caesar was Latin, an Indo-European language, was written in an just beginning his career. Livy moved to Rome and wrote alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet, with some his books during the reign of the first Roman emperor, letters changed: the Latin or Roman alphabet is Augustus. He wrote an account of the history of Rome from essentially the one Americans use today. English-speakers the beginning of the Republic in 509 BC to the reign of have added the letters “J,” “U,” and “W.” Augustus, in 142 books (we would call them chapters today). Most of what was written during those thousand years has been lost, but a fair amount still survives and we can Unfortunately, most of these books have been lost. We read it today. We like to think that the best writing has only have 35 of them left. But these books tell us a lot of survived, but certainly some very good works have been what we know today about the beginnings of Rome and the lost, while some of what survives is not very good. Nearly Punic Wars. all of the Latin literature that we still have today survives because it was copied over and over by hand by different people through hundreds of years. That is, almost none of the actual books that people read at that time survive: papyrus and parchment just don't last that well. The words survive, but in later copies. For some books, many copies survive; for other books, only one. Copyright © 2010-2014 by Oakland Schools Art + Ideas 5 Roman Literature, History & Drama From: historyforkids.org DRAMA Seneca Seneca was one of the great writers of the Julio-Claudian period in Rome. He was born in the Roman province of Spain about 3 BC. But his aunt took him to Rome during the reign of the emperor Claudius, so Seneca could get a good education. Seneca was also a famous philosopher and writer. He Virgil wrote Latin versions of many Greek plays, including the Virgil was a poet who lived during the civil wars in Rome stories of Medea and Phaedra. But he is best known for and then in the time of the Roman Emperor Augustus, just his Latin versions of Stoic philosophy. Seneca's Stoicism before the birth of Jesus Christ. Virgil (VER-jill) was a friend took the form of saying that the reason the Roman of Maecenas (my-SEEN-as), who was a friend of Augustus. Republic had collapsed was that people indulged in too Virgil wrote poetry in order to support Augustus' much pleasure, and too much politics, and they failed to government. Virgil wrote a bunch of poems, called the keep a peaceful and serene mind. Georgics, which are about how wonderful Italy is, and how nice it is to have peace (thanks to Augustus), and how good it is to live a simple, traditional life. But the work Virgil is most remembered for is the epic poem called the Aeneid. This is a long poem in twelve books, like the Iliad or the Odyssey. The hero is Aeneas (iKNEE-as), who was a Trojan who was supposed to have escaped from Troy when the Greeks captured it during the Trojan War. It is the story of how Aeneas and his men (like Odysseus and his men) travelled from Troy to Italy to found the city of Rome. This makes the Trojans the ancestors of the Romans. Copyright © 2010-2014 by Oakland Schools Art + Ideas 6 Art: Sculptures, Busts & Painting Centered in the city of Rome, the civilization of Ancient Rome ruled much of Europe for over 1000 years. The arts flourished during this time and were often used by the wealthy and powerful to memorialize their deeds and heritage. Born from Greek Art But with Other Influences The Romans admired the Greek culture and arts. After conquering Greece, they brought many Greek artists to Rome to make sculptures for them in the Greek fashion. The art of Ancient Greece had a great influence on the art of Ancient Rome. Although Greek art had the greatest influence on the Romans, other civilizations that they conquered and encountered over their wide empire also had influence. These included the Ancient Egyptians, eastern art, the Germans, and the Celts. Roman Sculpture Roman sculpture played an important part of the Roman daily life. Sculptures took the form of full statues, busts (sculptures of just a person's head), reliefs (sculptures that were part of a wall), and sarcophagi (sculptures on tombs). The Ancient Romans decorated with sculptures in a number of places including public buildings, public parks, and private homes and gardens. Roman sculpture was heavily influenced by Greek sculpture. In fact, many of the Roman sculptures were just copies of Greek sculptures. The wealthy Romans decorated their large homes with sculptures. A lot of times these sculptures were of themselves or their ancestors. Other popular subjects for sculptures included gods and goddesses, philosophers, famous athletes, and successful generals. To the left is a marble statue of Augustus the first Emperor of Rome. He is shown here wearing a traditional Roman toga while performing his duties. The Roman Bust One of the most popular types of sculpture in Ancient Rome was the bust. This is a sculpture of just the head. Wealthy Romans would put the busts of their ancestors in their homes. This was a way for them to show off their lineage. Copyright © 2010-2014 by Oakland Schools Art + Ideas 7 Art: Sculptures, Busts & Painting Roman Painting The walls of the homes of wealthy Romans were often decorated with paintings. These paintings were frescos painted directly on the walls. Most of these paintings have been destroyed over time, but some of them were preserved in the city of Pompeii when it was buried by the eruption of a volcano. Below is a painting discovered on a wall in the ruins of Pompeii. Mosaics The Romans also made pictures from colored tiles call mosaics. The mosaics have been able to survive the test of time better than the paintings. Sometimes the tiles would be applied directly at the site of the mosaic. Other times the tiles and the base would be made in a workshop and the entire mosaic installed later. Mosaics could be art on a wall, but also worked as decorative flooring. Legacy After the Middle Ages, the artists of the Renaissance studied the sculptures, architecture, and art of Ancient Rome and Greece to inspire them. The classic art of the Romans had a significant influence on art for many years. Interesting Facts about Ancient Roman Art Sculptures of people became so popular that artists would mass produce sculptures of bodies without the heads. Then when an order came in for a certain person, they would carve the head and add it to the sculpture. Roman Emperors would often have many statues made in their honor and placed around the city. They used this as a way of commemorating their victories and reminding the people who was in power. Some Greek statues only survive through the copies that the Romans had made. Rich Romans would have their stone coffins covered with ornate carvings. "History: Ancient Roman Art for Kids." Ducksters. Technological Solutions, Inc. (TSI), Oct. 2013. Web. 9 Oct. 2013. <http://www.ducksters.com/history/art/ancient_roman_art.php>. Copyright © 2010-2014 by Oakland Schools Art + Ideas 8 A piece of an ancient Roman law text found in the binding of a 16th century book Law & Legal Systems The Romans borrowed some legal ideas from past law systems developed by the Greeks, Babylonians, and other peoples, but they also developed and spread their own ideas. The first known set of Roman laws was known as the Law of the Twelve Tables. This was a pretty harsh set of laws similar to previous legal codes like Hammurabi’s Code. Later, as Roman society got larger and more complex, they needed a set of laws that would help them deal with new sets of complicated problems. As Roman society grew, the Romans developed a more advanced set of laws that continue to influence modern thinking about law. The Romans seem to be the first people to identify two types of laws, public law and private law. Public law involved questions related to the government and how the government interacted with citizens. For example, problems related to taxation were covered by public law. Private law, on the other hand, had to do with problems between individuals, for example if two people disagreed about a payment or a business contract. That separation can be seen today in our court system in which we have different courts for crimes and for civil disputes. Copyright © 2010-2014 by Oakland Schools As the Roman Empire expanded, they learned about different legal systems and laws in places they conquered. The Romans adopted ideas that fit into their existing system. They even developed special schools to train their lawyers. The Emperor Hadrian had many of the different laws collected and organized, and then these laws were applied in all Roman courts throughout the empire. Even after the Roman Empire fell apart, their ideas about law survived and were taken up in different European legal systems, and eventually then influenced our own system. Some important ideas behind Roman law were the notions of justice, or fairness, as well as the rights of the individual. Connected to these ideas, Roman law put forth the concept of innocent until proven guilty, although they did not use these words. A late Roman collection of laws contained the statement “Proof lies on him who asserts, not on him who denies.” This means that if a person was accused of a crime, the accuser had to prove their guilt; the accused did not have to prove their innocence. This same idea is still an important foundation of our own justice system.